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"In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level by using steam-stripping that causes, also, the loss of nutraceuticals such as tocopherols and carotenoids. An alternative method, such as solvent extraction, to separate free fatty acids, especially palmitic acid as the major free fatty acid present in palm oil, will conserves not only the important nutraceuticals but, also, conserves energy because a steam requirement is eliminated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), each consisting of betaine as the hydrogen bonding acceptor and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donor, to extract palmitic acid from palm oil. The goal is to obtain a NADES that is able to extract palmitic acid from palm oil with the highest extraction yield. The viscosity of various studied NADES was 10-236 cSt while the polarity parameter, determined by using Nile red as the solvatochromic dye, was 48.9-50.8 kcal/mol. The obtained data shows that, for NADES having similar polarity to that of betaine, the extraction yields reduce with increasing viscosity of the NADES. The highest extraction yield of 60% (w/w), corresponding to a distribution coefficient value of 0.75, was obtained by using NADES consisting of betaine and 1,2-butanediol. The extraction yield and distribution coefficient values indicated the potential of NADES, prepared by friendly compounds of betaine and polyalcohols, as alternative green solvents in the solvent extraction process when separating free fatty acids from palm oil."

"Modifikasi TiO2 dalam produksi hidrogen secara fotokatalitik telah luas dipelajari untuk mengatasi keterbatasannya dalam pemanfaatan sinar tampak dan rekombinasi electron- hole, salah satunya melalui kombinasi graphene dan dopan Fe. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh variasi konsentrasi Fe pada fotokatalis Fe-graphene/TiO2 dan variasi sacrificial agent polialkohol terhadap produksi hidrogen. Karakterisasi fotokatalis dilakukan pada TiO2 P25 dan graphene/TiO2, Fe-graphene/TiO2 yang disintesis dengan metode impregnasi. Analisis XRD, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis DRS, dan FTIR menunjukkan keberadaan graphene dan dopan Fe pada TiO2 dengan ukuran kristal untuk TiO2 P25, graphene/TiO2, dan Fe-graphene/TiO2 masing-masing 17,68 nm, 17,66 nm, dan 15,16 nm. Uji produksi hidrogen dilakukan selama 5 jam dalam reaktor dengan pencahayaan internal, yang dilengkapi lampu UV 20W, buret dan cooling water. Analisis GC pada sampel gas buret mengkonfirmasi terjadinya pembentukan hidrogen. Akumulasi hidrogen yang diperoleh untuk konsentrasi Fe 0,2%, 0,5%, dan 0,7% berturut-turut sebesar 394 μmol, 315 μmol, dan 171 μmol, mengindikasikan 0,2% Fe pada Fe-graphene/TiO2 dengan band gap 3,03 eV memberikan produksi hidrogen hingga 80% lebih tinggi dari TiO2 P25. Produksi hidrogen secara fotokatalitik dengan Fe-graphene/TiO2 dan sacrificial agent alkohol terungkap menurun dalam urutan gliserol > etilen glikol > metanol > propilen glikol > n-propanol. Korelasi diperoleh antara produksi hidrogen dengan sifat alkohol yang menjadi kunci, terutama jumlah α-H, polaritas, dan potensial oksidasi dari alkohol.

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Modifications of TiO2 in photocatalytic hydrogen production have been widely studied to resolve its limitation in utilizing visible light and electron-hole recombination, one of them is by the combination of graphene and Fe dopant. This study examines the effect of Fe concentration variations on Fe-graphene/TiO2 photocatalyst and polyalcohol sacrificial agent variations for hydrogen production. Photocatalyst characterization was conducted on TiO2 P25 and graphene/TiO2, Fe-graphene/TiO2 which were synthesized by impregnation method. XRD, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis DRS, and FTIR analysis showed the presence of graphene and Fe dopant on TiO2 with a crystal size for TiO2 P25, graphene/TiO2, and Fe-graphene/TiO2 were 17.68 nm, 17.66 nm, and 15.16 nm, respectively. Hydrogen production experiment was carried out for 5 hours in a reactor with internal illumination, equipped with 20W UV lamp, burette, and cooling water. GC analysis of gas sample on burette confirmed the formation of hydrogen. The accumulation of hydrogen products obtained for 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.7% Fe were 394 μmol, 315 μmol, dan 171 μmol, respectively, indicating 0.2% Fe on Fe-graphene/TiO2 with a band gap of 3.03 eV provided up to 80% higher hydrogen production than TiO2 P25. Photocatalytic hydrogen production with Fe-graphene/TiO2 and alcohol as sacrificial agent was revealed to decrease in the order glycerol > ethylene glycol > methanol > propylene glycol > n- propanol. Correlations were established between hydrogen produced and key alcohol properties, notably the number of α-H, polarity, and oxidation potential of alcohol."