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Abstrak :
[Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dampak dari belanja pemerintah di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia, menggunakan data panel yang meliputi 28 provinsi selama periode 2003 sampai dengan 2013. Studi dalam tesis ini memanfaatkan tes kausalitas dan analisis pooled ordinary least square (OLS). Hasil dari tes kausalitas menunjukkan adanya hubungan kausalitas dua arah antara belanja pemerintah di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan dengan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB). Hasil dari analisis OLS menunujukkan bahwa belanja pemerintah di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi secara positif. Hasil studi dalam tesis ini konsisteen dengan hasil-hasil studi empiris sebelumnya;The paper studies the effect of government education and health expenditure on economic growth in Indonesia, using panel data from 28 provinces covering the period 2003 to 2013. This study utilizes causality test and pooled ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. The causality test result shows the existence of bidirectional causality between government education expenditure and gross regional domestic product (GRDP) as well as government health expenditure and GRDP. The OLS analysis finds robust evidence that education and health expenditure positively affect economic growth. The results are consistent with previous empirical studies., The paper studies the effect of government education and health expenditure on economic growth in Indonesia, using panel data from 28 provinces covering the period 2003 to 2013. This study utilizes causality test and pooled ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. The causality test result shows the existence of bidirectional causality between government education expenditure and gross regional domestic product (GRDP) as well as government health expenditure and GRDP. The OLS analysis finds robust evidence that education and health expenditure positively affect economic growth. The results are consistent with previous empirical studies.]

Abstrak :
Perubahan iklim merusak lingkungan, ekonomi, dan membahayakan kesehatan masyarakat. Untuk mencegahnya, energi terbarukan (EBT) menjadi salah satu solusi yang penting. Oleh karena itu, negara-negara di dunia mulai beralih kepada EBT. Kami mempelajari negara-negara ASEAN-5 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, dan Vietnam), yang telah menerbitkan Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) dan, kecuali Filipina, menyatakan target untuk mencapai Net Zero Emissions (NZE) pada tahun 2050-2060. Pada tahun 2019, gabungan rata-rata pangsa EBT mereka masih rendah (19,64% dari Total Pasokan Energi dan 20,60% dari pembangkit listrik), yang merupakan 6% dari emisi global. Selain itu, potensi dan pemanfaatan EBT di antara mereka juga berbeda secara signifikan, sehingga diperlukan investasi untuk memaksimalkannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini tidak hanya untuk menemukan perbedaan antara potensi dan pemanfaatan EBT di ASEAN-5, tetapi juga faktor-faktor penentu yang mempengaruhi investasi EBT (REI). Temuan menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan pemanfaatan berasal dari perbedaan komitmen pemerintah dan kesadaran publik yang lebih kuat, di mana hal itu lebih kuat di Vietnam. Selanjutnya, analisis regresi hanya mampu menunjukkan bukti korelasi yang kuat terhadap REI, tetapi dengan besaran yang rendah, dari variabel seperti pangsa manufaktur terhadap PDB (-), rata-rata lama sekolah (-), Feed in Tariff dari semua ASEAN-5 dan mereka yang di atas rata-rata (+, -), dan biaya listrik di Vietnam (+). Analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa harga bahan bakar fosil dan listrik di ASEAN-5 secara keseluruhan tidak memiliki korelasi terhadap REI. Terakhir, model ini juga merekomendasikan studi masa depan untuk memanfaatkan lebih banyak variabel dan penelitian lebih dalam tentang kebijakan EBT. ......Climate change destroys the environment, damages the economy, and harms people’s health. To prevent them, renewable sources is an important part of the solution. Hence, countries worldwide are transitioning to renewable energy (RE). We studied ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam), that have published Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and, except for Philippines, declared targets to reach Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2050-2060. In 2019, their combined average RE share is still low (19.64% of the Total Energy Supply and 20.60% of electricity generation), making up 6% of global emissions. Furthermore, RE potential and utilization amongst them also differ significantly, making investments necessary in order to maximize them. The objective of this study is to find not only the differences between RE potential and utilization within ASEAN-5, but also the determinants affecting RE investments (REI). The findings suggest that differences in utilization comes from differences in government commitments and stronger public awareness, where it is stronger in Vietnam. Furthermore, the regression analysis is only able to show evidence of strong correlation towards REI, but with low magnitude, from variables such as share of manufacturing to GDP (-), mean years of schooling (-), Feed in Tariffs from all countries and those who are above average (+, -), and cost of electricity in Vietnam (+). The analysis also shows that fossil-fuel and electricity prices in ASEAN-5 as a whole have no correlation towards REI. Lastly, the model also recommends future studies to utilize more variables and research deeper into RE policies.

Abstrak :
The rising food price has been signaling a crisis to food insecurity among the poor since the period of 2007/2008. The poor would be in a difficult situation to allocate the budget to meet the demand for food and nonfood in daily life as the real income changes. Food insecurity measured by Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a most recent broadened concept of food insecurity considering the existence of anxiety to food access. This research aims to evaluate the causal inference of food price exposure to the FIES both on simple sum namely raw score and Rasch scale, a corrected measure which assuming the same latent traits among the households. The estimation used is Pooled Ordinary Least Square through the multilevel observations and Panel Regression for regional-level data. The main finding of this research is that the rising food price significantly affected the FIES, consistently on the raw score and Rasch scale, specifically to the vulnerable households defined by the bottom 40 percent in terms of their expenditure. The rising food price also increased the proportion of severely food insecure households at the regional level. As the heterogeneous effect through islands is also evaluated, it's concluded that the highest effect of the rising food price to experiencing the anxiety of food insecurity belongs households located in Bali and the lowest effect belongs to households located in Java Island. Decomposing food price into rice and nonrice is solving the puzzle where and who belongs the worse effect should be. The rising rice price is affecting worse to the households in Sumatera and Papua, but on the contrary, the households in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi were taking benefit amid the rising rice price. The result is also serving as a baseline in evaluating the impact of such an outbreak namely Covid-19 through the channel of compensating variations regarding food insecurity.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini mengevaluasi dampak program Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) terhadap kinerja Industri Mikro dan Kecil (IMK) selama pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia. Program KUR dirancang untuk memberikan akses permodalan dengan suku bunga rendah dan persyaratan yang lebih mudah, guna mendukung pertumbuhan sektor IMK yang mengalami kendala permodalan selama pandemi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari Survei Industri Mikro dan Kecil (VIMK) tahun 2020 dan 2021 yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), dan membandingkan kinerja IMK yang mengakses dan tidak mengakses KUR. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Pooled OLS regression. Variabel independen utama adalah akses terhadap KUR, sementara variabel dependen adalah profit IMK. Variabel kontrol yang dimasukkan dalam analisis termasuk jumlah tenaga kerja, usia pengusaha, tingkat pendidikan pengusaha, lama usaha, rata-rata jam kerja, kemitraan, koperasi, dan pelatihan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2018-2021, pengusaha IMK yang mengakses KUR memiliki rata-rata keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan IMK yang tidak mengakses KUR. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa seluruh variabel kontrol yang digunakan berperan dalam peningkatan rata-rata laba yang didapatkan IMK, kecuali variabel usia pengusaha dan lama usaha. Lalu, di masa pandemi Covid-19, ditemukan bahwa peran penggunaan KUR terhadap rata-rata keuntungan yang didapatkan IMK menurun dibandingkan periode sebelum Covid-19, meskipun tetap positif. Jumlah pengakses KUR di di masa pandemi Covid-19 juga mengalami penurunan sebanyak 51,01%. Hal ini menandakan distrbusi KUR yang masih kurang efektif, di tengah krisis ekonomi.Kemudian, penelitian ini juga menyajikan bukti empiris tentang sektor usaha mana yang terpengaruh positif dan signifikan oleh program KUR. Hal ini dapat membantu pemangku kebijakan untuk merancang kebijakan yang lebih inklusif dan responsif terhadap kondisi ekonomi pasca-pandemi, serta meningkatkan akses permodalan bagi pelaku IMK. ......This study evaluates the impact of the People's Business Credit (KUR) program on the performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The KUR program is designed to provide capital access with low-interest rates and easier requirements to support the growth of the MSE sector that experienced capital constraints during the pandemic. The data used in this study comes from the 2020 and 2021 Micro and Small Industry Survey (VIMK) conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), comparing the performance of MSEs that accessed KUR and those that did not. The research method used in this study is Pooled OLS regression. The main independent variable is access to KUR, while the dependent variable is MSE profit. Control variables included in the analysis are the number of workers, entrepreneur age, entrepreneur education level, business duration, average working hours, partnerships, cooperatives, and training. The study results indicate that from 2018 to 2021, MSE entrepreneurs who accessed KUR had higher average profits compared to MSEs that did not access KUR. Additionally, the study found that all control variables used played a role in increasing the average profits obtained by MSEs, except for entrepreneur age and business duration variables. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the role of KUR usage on the average profits obtained by MSEs decreased compared to the pre-Covid-19 period, although it remained positive. The number of KUR users during the Covid-19 pandemic also decreased by 51.01%. This indicates that the distribution of KUR is still ineffective amidst the economic crisis. Furthermore, this study provides empirical evidence on which business sectors are positively and significantly affected by the KUR program. This can help policymakers design more inclusive and responsive policies to the post-pandemic economic conditions and improve capital access for MSE actors.