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Abstrak :
Prevention of type 2 diabetes can be achieved properly by simultaneous prevention of obesity. Prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome, is the period between simple obesity and diabetes, and this critical period needs to be identified in a more consistent and systematic manner by clinicians worldwide. Clinical trials have indicated that diabetes prevention can be achieved by lifestyle changes and also by certain medications, though none are yet approved for use in prevention. On the other hand, there are funding agencies such as the NIH, CDC, and state institutions that are interested in studying the prevention paradigms in different communities and ethnic minorities who are most prone to this epidemic. For these reasons, this title by renowned physician-scientist Derek LeRoith is both timely and vitally important for academic physicians, practitioners, allied health care providers, analysts, community activists, and all others interested in this increasing epidemic. This book provides a unique and comprehensive synthesis of the prevention and early diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes, focusing on identifying risk factors and then moving into topics that address how to prevent their progression to full-blown diabetes. The difficult task of changing patients’ behavior is given special emphasis. The chapters in this practical volume are written by a wide range of international experts, reflecting the editor’s distinguished, internationally renowned career. The volume is organized in eight sections: an introduction to the overall issue of prevention, definitions of values based on ADA guidelines, pathophysiology, discussion of a range of interventional trials regarding prevention, and an overview of state-of-the-art clinical management approaches.

Abstrak :
Penyakit COVID-19, yang etiologinya adalah virus korona SARS-CoV2, telah menjadi pandemi dan masuk ke Indonesia sejak Maret 2020. Virus ini menyerang sistem pernapasan tubuh dan menyebabkan kematian melalui mekanisme gagal napas. Indonesia memasuki tahun 2021 di peringkat ke-20 sedunia dalam jumlah kasus konfirmasi positif terbanyak, yakni dengan jumlah sebesar 751,270 kasus dan 22,329 kematian. Pemerintah Indonesia merespon dengan mengeluarkan berbagai kebijakan upaya preventif seperti pembatasan sosial berskala besar (PSBB), 3M dan 3T. Namun angka kejadian dan kematian akibat COVID-19 masih terus meningkat. Penting untuk dapat ditelusuri faktor resiko yang dapat meningkatkan resiko kematian pasien positif COVID-19 dan bagaimanakah respon kepatuhan masyarakat akan implementasi upaya preventif yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Penelitian ini menelusuri efek dari usia lanjut (>=60 tahun), jenis kelamin, adanya gejala saluran pernapasan, gejala luar saluran pernapasan, riwayat komorbid seperti diabetes mellitus, hipertensi, gagal ginjal kronik, gangguan hati kronik, penyakit paru obstruktif kronik dan obesitas dengan analisis kohort retrospektif. Data analisis diperoleh dari penelusuran epidemiologis (PE) oleh Dinas Kesehatan (Dinkes) Provinsi DKI Jakarta di lima wilayah DKI Jakarta sejak bulan Maret - September 2020. Sedangkan untuk respon kepatuhan masyarakat akan dinilai dari sudut pandang petugas kesehatan, yakni dengan diskusi kelompok bersama petugas Sudinkes dan puskesmas lima wilayah DKI Jakarta. Dari 35,463 sampel data PE Dinkes, diketahui ada 1017 kematian (2.87%). Analisis multivariat regresi logistik menunjukan bila usia lanjut (>=60 tahun) meningkatkan RR kematian sebesar 6.736 (95% IK 5.538 - 8.193), jenis kelamin laki-laki sebesar 1.305 (95% IK 1.113 - 1.529), adanya gejala saluran pernapasan sebesar 2.563 (95% IK 2.034 - 3.229), adanya gejala luar saluran pernapasan sebesar 2.485 (95% IK 1.965 - 3.142), riwayat gagal ginjal kronik sebesar 3.227 (95% IK 2.154 - 4.834), adanya riwayat hipertensi sebesar 4.396 (95% IK 3.196 - 6.047) dan riwayat diabetes mellitus sebesar 4.415 (95% IK 2.846 - 6.849). Persepsi petugas kesehatan akan kepatuhan masyarakat adalah seragam di lima wilayah, yakni kepatuhan dinilai baik pada masa awal pandemi dan semakin melonggar seiring berjalannya waktu. Hambatan yang ditemui pada umumnya berakar dari kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat akan penyakit COVID-19 dan bagaimana untuk mencegahnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, didapatkan bila usia lanjut, jenis kelamin, gejala saluran pernapasan, gejala luar saluran pernapasan, riwayat hipertensi, diabetes mellitus dan gagal ginjal kronik meningkatkan resiko mortalitas pasien positif COVID-19 di DKI Jakarta. Selain itu kepatuhan masyarakat dinilai petugas kesehatan semakin melonggar, sehingga upaya preventif primer yang dilakukan pemerintah perlu diperdalam dengan menjangkau dengan dialog kelompok-kelompok yang masih tidak patuh. ......COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV2 coronavirus, have spread into a pandemic and entered Indonesia in March 2020. COVID-19 attacks human respiratory system and causes death by means of respiratory failure. Indonesia started 2021 in the 20th position worldwide for the country with most confirmed COVID-19 cases, with 751,270 cases and 22,329 deaths. The government have responded by issuing various preventive policy, such as Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), 3M and 3T. However, the cases and deaths per day continues to rise. It is imperative that factors increasing COVID-19 mortality can be identified and how its citizen responded to government’s efforts to implement its preventive policies. The study will explore the effect of elderly age (>=60 years old), gender, presence of respiratory symtoms, presence of extra-pulmonary symptoms, comorbids such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic renal failure, chronic liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity by using retrospective cohort analysis. Analysis data were obtained from Jakarta Provincial Department of Health’s (Dinkes) epidemiological investigation (PE) in DKI Jakarta’s five region from March-September 2020. To determine how obedient the citizen was, group discussions were held with health officials from the Department of Health and officials from Puskesmas in DKI Jakarta’s five region. From 35,463 data samples from Dinkes’ PE, there were 1017 deaths (2.87%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that elderly age (>=60 years old) increases mortality risk by 6.736 (95% CI 5.538 - 8.193), male gender by 1.305 (95% CI 1.113 - 1.529), presence of respiratory symptoms by 2.563 (95% CI 2.034 - 3.229), presence of extra-pulmonary symptoms by 2.485 (95% CI 1.965 - 3.142), history of chronic renal failure by 3.227 (95% CI 2.154 - 4.834), hypertension comorbid by 4.396 (95% CI 3.196 - 6.047) and diabetes mellitus comorbid by 4.415 (95% CI 2.846 - 6.849). Health officials’ perception of citizen’s obedience were uniform in all five regions, in which they were obedient in the early period of pandemic, and it grew worse the longer the pandemic goes on. Most of the obstacles health officials met on the field originated from the citizen’s lack of knowledge about COVID-19 and how to prevent it from spreading. From this study, we acquired the knowledge that elderly age, male gendered, having respiratory symptoms, having extra-pulmonary symptoms, having comorbids such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure increases DKI Jakarta COVID-19 patients’ mortality risk. We also found that citizen’s obedience in health officials’ perspective have worsened, which warrants more effort from the government to implement primary prevention measures by method of dialogues with certain disobedient group in society.

Abstrak :
Recognizing their complex role as educators, mentors, and caregivers, Family and HIV/AIDS assembles a wealth of findings from successful prevention and intervention strategies and provides models for translating evidence into effective real-world practice. Chapters spotlight the differing roles of mothers and fathers in prevention efforts, clarify the need for family/community collaborations, and examine core issues of culture,ethnicity, gender, and diagnosis (e.g., minority families, adolescents with psychological disorders). Throughout, risk reduction and health promotion are shown as a viable public health strategy A reference with considerable utility across the health, mental health, and related disciplines,Family and HIV/AIDS will be a go-to resource for practitioners working with families, researchers studying at-risk populations, administrators seeking to create new (or evaluate existing) prevention and care programs, and policymakers involved in funding such programs.