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""With contributions from leading scholars in constitutional law, this volume examines how carefully designed and limited doctrines of proportionality can improve judicial decision-making, how it is applied in different jurisdictions, its role on constitutionalism outside the courts, and whether the principle of proportionality actually advances or detracts from democracy. Contributions from some of the seminal thinkers on the development of scholarship on proportionality (e.g. Alexy, Barak, and Beatty) extend their prior work and engage in an important dialogue on the topic. Some offer substantial critiques, others defend the doctrine and offer important clarifications and extensions of their prior work. Throughout, the authors engage not only with case law from around the world but also with existing scholarly treatments of the subject. Mathematical treatments are avoided, making the book accessible to readers from both 'soft' and hard' social science backgrounds"--"With contributions from leading scholars in constitutional law, this volume examines how carefully designed and limited doctrines of proportionality can improve judicial decision-making, how it is applied in different jurisdictions, its role on constitutionalism outside of courts and whether the principle of proportionality actually advances or detracts from democracy. Contributions from some of the seminal thinkers on the development of scholarship on proportionality (e.g. Alexy, Barak and Beatty) extend their prior work and engage in an important dialogue on the topic. Some offer substantial critiques, others defend the doctrine and offer important clarifications and extensions of their prior work. Throughout, the authors engage not only with case law from around the world, but also with existing scholarly treatments of the subject. Mathematical treatments are avoided, making the book accessible to readers from both 'soft' and hard' social science backgrounds"--"

""With contributions from leading scholars in constitutional law, this volume examines how carefully designed and limited doctrines of proportionality can improve judicial decision-making, how it is applied in different jurisdictions, its role on constitutionalism outside the courts, and whether the principle of proportionality actually advances or detracts from democracy. Contributions from some of the seminal thinkers on the development of scholarship on proportionality (e.g. Alexy, Barak, and Beatty) extend their prior work and engage in an important dialogue on the topic. Some offer substantial critiques, others defend the doctrine and offer important clarifications and extensions of their prior work. Throughout, the authors engage not only with case law from around the world but also with existing scholarly treatments of the subject. Mathematical treatments are avoided, making the book accessible to readers from both 'soft' and hard' social science backgrounds"--"With contributions from leading scholars in constitutional law, this volume examines how carefully designed and limited doctrines of proportionality can improve judicial decision-making, how it is applied in different jurisdictions, its role on constitutionalism outside of courts and whether the principle of proportionality actually advances or detracts from democracy. Contributions from some of the seminal thinkers on the development of scholarship on proportionality (e.g. Alexy, Barak and Beatty) extend their prior work and engage in an important dialogue on the topic. Some offer substantial critiques, others defend the doctrine and offer important clarifications and extensions of their prior work. Throughout, the authors engage not only with case law from around the world, but also with existing scholarly treatments of the subject. Mathematical treatments are avoided, making the book accessible to readers from both 'soft' and hard' social science backgrounds"--"

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang Prinsip Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Peraturan Bapepam-LK Nomor VI.C.4. Wali Amanat sebagai pihak yang ditunjuk dan dibayar oleh Emiten, mengakibatkan kedudukan Emiten yang lebih ldquo;tinggi rdquo; tersebut mudah mempengaruhi pelaksanaan Perjanjian Perwaliamanatan. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui urgensi perwujudan Prinsip Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Perjanjian Perwaliamanatan sebagai instrument perlindungan hukum. Penulisan Tesis ini menggunakan metode Yuridis Normatif Normatif Legal Research , melalui pendekatan undang-undang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa terdapat urgensi Prinsip Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Perjanjian Perwaliamanatan untuk mengatur pelaksanaan hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Perjanjian Perwaliamanatan.

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ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the Principles of The Proportionality Principle in Bapepam LK Regulation Number VI.C.4. Trustee as the party appointed and paid by the Issuer, resulting in the positions of the more high Issuer easily affect the implementation of the Trustee Agreement. This thesis aims to find out the urgency of the principle embodiment of Proportionality Principle in Trustee Agreement as legal protection instrument. The writing of this thesis uses normative legal method Normative Legal Research , through the approach of law. Based on the results of the research can be seen that there is urgency Principle of Proportionality Principle in Trustee Agreement to regulate the implementation of rights and obligations of the parties in the Trustee Agreement."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai penerapan asas proporsionalitas dalam melandasi pembagian hak dan kewajiban antara Pemberi Waralaba dan Penerima Waralaba dalam setiap proses perjanjian waralaba. Asas proporsionalitas ini akan dilihat dari peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendapat ahli hukum. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan metode kepustakaan dan wawancara narasumber. Hasil penelitian ini adalah perjanjian waralaba yang dibuat oleh para pihak dinilai sah dan telah sesuai dengan ketentuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Namun demikian, masih terdapat permasalahan dalam proses pembentukan dan pelaksanaan perjanjian yang kurang sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan mengenai waralaba. Permasalahan tersebut berpengaruh terhadap kurang tercapainya penerapan asas proporsionalitas yang baik dan fair. Penulis menyarankan agar pemerintah sebaiknya membuat ketentuan waralaba yang lebih spesifik dan terarah, serta lebih berorientasi pada prinsip proporsionalitas.

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This thesis provides explanation regarding the implementation of principle of proportionality in distributing the rights and obligations for franchisor and franchisee in each process of franchise agreement, which will be observed from the perspective of law and doctrines. This thesis applies a normative legal study with bibligraphical method and interviews. Subsequently, it has discovered that the agreement made by the parties is valid and appropriate in accordance with the Indonesian Civil Code. However, there are considerable amount of matters in the process of formation and implementation of this agreement which do not comply with the current franchising law. These matters affect on how the principle of proportionality on this agreement cannot be achieved properly and fairly. The writer suggests that the government should provide more specific, direct and proportionality oriented provision on the franchising law."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai permasalahan pelaksanaan asas proporsionalitas (al musawah) dalam suatu akad Murabahah perbankan syariah. Penelitian yuridisnormatifdigunakan dalam pembahasan skripsi ini dengan menggunakan data sekunder melalui studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari tiga tahapan penerapan klausul baku akad murabahah yaitu tahap pra-akad, penerapan, dan dispute settlement terdapat kelompok klausul yang tidak sesuai dengan asas proporsionalitas (al musawah) yaitu pada klausul tentang penyerahan barang, klausul resiko dan asuransi (risk & insurance), klausul negative covenant, dan klausul wanprestasi salah satu bank yang cenderung merugikan pihak nasabah.

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This thesis analyzes the issue arising from application of the proportionality principle (Al Musawah) Murabaha contract in Islamic banking. Method of legal-normative research is used to write this thesis with the secondary data and literature study. Based on the analysis and discussion showed that there are the three phases ofapplication standard clause in murabaha contract are a pre-contract stage, application, and dispute settlement. Some Clauses do not comply with proportionality principle of (al musawah) they are clause about the delivery of goods, risk & insurance covenant, negative covenant, and one of bank has default clause tends to harm the client."

"Kebijakan ambang batas parlemen yang diterapkan dalam penentuan kursi anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) di Indonesia telah menyebabkan banyak partai politik tidak lolos ke DPR, serta banyak suara pemilih tidak terkonversi menjadi kursi dan menjadi terbuang. Kondisi tersebut mengakibatkan terjadinya disproporsionalitas hasil pemilihan umum serta dapat mengancam kedaulatan rakyat dan asas keadilan dalam pemilihan umum. Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh penerapan ambang batas parlemen terhadap proporsionalitas hasil pemilihan umum di Indonesia serta bagaimana rekomendasi dalam menentukan besaran ambang batas parlemen yang ideal untuk diterapkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan studi komparatif untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan ambang batas parlemen dalam beberapa pemilihan umum yang pernah diselenggarakan di Indonesia, serta untuk menemukan formula yang tepat untuk menghitung besaran ambang batas parlemen yang dapat meminimalisir disproporsionalitas hasil pemilihan umum. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dan berdasarkan perhitungan dengan menggunakan indeks Loosemore-Hanby Index (LHI), didapati bahwa penerapan ambang batas parlemen dengan besaran yang tidak didesain dengan rumusan yang terukur telah mengakibatkan tingginya indeks LHI yang mengindikasikan bahwa hasil pemilihan umum DPR di Indonesia tidak proporsional. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan perumusan besaran ambang batas parlemen dengan menggunakan formula matematis yang tepat. Penulis kemudian mengambil konsep dan formula ambang batas efektif yang dirumuskan oleh Rein Taagepera, dan berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, didapati bahwa besaran ambang batas parlemen efektif untuk pemilihan umum DPR di Indonesia adalah 1% dari total suara sah nasional.

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The parliamentary threshold policy implemented in determining seats for members of the People's Representative Council (DPR) in Indonesia has caused many political parties failed to enter the DPR, and many voters' votes were not converted into seats and were wasted. This condition caused disproportionality in the general election results and could threaten the people’s sovereignty and the principle of fairness in general elections. This research analyzes how the implementation of the parliamentary threshold affects the proportionality of the general election results in Indonesia and how recommendations are made in determining the ideal parliamentary threshold to be implemented in Indonesia. This research is conducted using a normative juridical research method with a comparative study approach to determine the effect of the implementation of parliamentary threshold in several general elections that have been held in Indonesia, as well as to find the right formula for calculating the magnitude of the parliamentary threshold that can minimize the disproportionality of the general election results. Based on research conducted and based on calculations using the Loosemore-Hanby Index (LHI), it was found that the implementation of parliamentary threshold with a magnitude that was not designed with a measurable formula has resulted in a high LHI index which indicates that the results of the DPR general elections in Indonesia are not proportional. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate the magnitude of the parliamentary threshold using the right mathematical formula. The author then took the concept and formula of the effective threshold formulated by Rein Taagepera, and based on the calculation results, it was found that the magnitude of the effective parliamentary threshold for the DPR general elections in Indonesia is 1% of the total valid national votes."

"Tesis ini membahas tanggung jawab kontraktual penjual gas bumi terhadap pembeli dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Gas Bumi (PJBG) terkait asas proporsionalitas. Penerapan asas proporsionalitas dalam pengaturan tanggungjawab kontraktual penjual gas bumi terhadap pembeli menjadi sangat penting karena penjual seolah-olah berkedudukan lebih ?tinggi? dibandingkan pembeli, dimana pada umumnya penjual gas bumi sekaligus juga mengelola lapangan gas bumi sehingga penjual mempunyai kemampuan pengendalian terhadap gas bumi yang dijualnya, sedangkan pembeli tidak. Selain itu dalam satu PJBG Penjual dapat menjual gas bumi bagiannya sendiri sekaligus bagian pihak ketiga (termasuk bagian negara).Penulis menganalisis tanggung jawab kontraktual PT Pertamina EP sebagai penjual gas bumi terhadap PT PLN Tarakan sebagai pembeli berdasarkan Perjanjian Jual Beli Gas Bumi No. 2006/EP0000/2012-S0 Tanggal 20 Desember 2012 (PJBG PEP). Pembahasan mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan dibidang minyak dan gas bumi, prinsip-prinsip hukum perjanjian, asas kebebasan berkontrak dan asas proporsionalitas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan data bersumber dari studi kepustakaan yang disajikan secara deskriptif analitis.Dari hasil penelitian, Penulis menyarankan agar dalam PJBG PEP ditambahkan: (i) klausul yang menyatakan bahwa penjual wajib memberikan kepada pembeli salinan sertifikasi cadangan gas bumi yang diterbitkan oleh lembaga independen sesuai peraturan yang berlaku di bidang migas untuk memberikan gambaran yang lebih pasti kepada pembeli mengenai ketersediaan jumlah volume dan spesifikasi cadangan gas bumi yang akan disalurkan oleh penjual kepada pembeli (ii) klausul yang mengatur adanya ruang negosiasi ulang (re-negosiasi) antara penjual dan pembeli jika penjual tidak mampu atau gagal memenuhi kewajiban dan tanggung jawabnya untuk menyalurkan gas bumi sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam perjanjian.

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This thesis discusses seller's contractual responsibility of natural gas to the buyer in the Gas Sales and Purchase Agreement (GSPA) related to the proportionality principle. The implementation of the proportionality principle to govern seller's contractual responsibilities to the buyer is very important because the seller as though has a "higher" position than the buyers, which generally the seller also manage the gas field therefore it has the ability to control the natural gas, while the buyer does not. In addition to the GSPA, the Seller may sell its natural gas commingled with third party's gas and the state-owned gas.The author analyzes the contractual responsibility of PT Pertamina EP as the seller of natural gas to PT PLN Tarakan as the Buyer under the Gas Sales and Purchase Agreement No. 2006/EP0000/2012-S0 Date December 20, 2012 (GSPA PEP). The discussion refers to the laws and regulations of oil and gas field, the principles of contract law, the principle of freedom of contract and the proportionality principle. This research is a normative legal perspective based on the library research and presented by descriptive analysis.Based on the results of the study, the Author suggests that in GSPA PEP shall be added: (i) a clause which stated that the Seller shall provide to the Buyer a copy of natural gas reserve certification issued by an independent agency pursuant to prevailing oil and gas law to describe a more definitife profile about the availability of the total volume and specifications of natural gas reserves which will be delivered by the Seller to the Buyer (ii) a clause that governs renegotiation between the seller and the buyer if the seller is unable or fails to fulfill its obligations and responsibilities to distribute natural gas in accordance with the terms of the agreement."