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"ABSTRAKKarya tulis dengan judul "Perencanaan pembangunan Angkutan masal di Jakarta"atau yang dikenal dengan istilah MRT ( Mass Rapid Transit) dengan menggunakan Subway mengupas tentang suatu kemungkinan pembangunan sistem MRT ini JABOTABEK, khususnya di DKI Jakarta.Dalam mengulas hal ini dibagi atas beberapa Bab;Bab I Latar belakang wilayah DKI Jakarta dan sekitarnya(JABOTABEK) ;a. Geology daerah Jabotabek;Kondisi geology dan tanah, melihat kemungkinan bisa dibangunnya sistem Subwayb. Keadaan sosial dan ekonomi penduduk DKI Jakarta;Kegiatan perekonomian dan pertumbuhan penduduk yang mempunyai dampak terhadap kebutuhan jasa angkutanc. Kompisisi dan kebijaksanaan angkutan di Jakarta;Jasa angkutan apa saja dan bagaimana peranannya dalam melayani penduduk DKI Jakarta dan sekitarnya.d. Sistem angkutan dinegara berkembang;Sebagai bahan perbandingan dan hebatnya perdebatan yang dilakukan untuk memilih jenis angkutan masal yang akan digunakan, karena diperlukan dana investasi cukup besar sedangkan sumber dana masih tanda Tanya.e. Alternatif angkutan dan aspek ekonomisnya;Harus kita lihat model angkutan yang hemat energy, kurang polusi, aman dan bagaimana mendapatkan biaya untuk membangunnya.Bab II Aspek keuangan dalam pembangunan MRT;Baik dinegara berkembang maupun negara maju, bagaimana kriteria investasi untuk membangun MRT ini, karena biaya investasi yang besar sedangkan pengembaliannya tidak mungkin secara ekonomis.Bagaimana perbandingan penghasilan dan biaya operasi di negara yang mempunyai angkutan masalBab III: Suatu kemungkinan angkutan masal (Subway) di Jakarta;Hubungan antara perkembangan kota dan sistem angkutannya selama ini, bagaimana pemecahan permasalahan sistem angkutan dan alternatifnya.Mengoptimalkan formasi jaringan dan memanfaatkan sistem yang sudah ada serta memilih jenis angkutan yang sesuai.Bagaimana seharusnya melakukan pemilihan sistem angkutan, pemilihan jalur, sistem pengumpan, pemilihan MRT dan melihat keunggulan "Subway" dibandingkan angkutan masal lainnya.Bab IV: Mass Rapid Trasit "Subway" di Jakarta;Perkembangan Subway didunia dan bagaimana rencana jika Subway ini dikembangkan di Jakarta.Bagaimana metoda konstruksi, perencanaan stasiun, pro ses implementasi, pembiayaan konstruksi, besar biaya konstruksi dan bisnis sampingan yang mungkin bisa dilakukan bila sistem ini terlaksana."

"ABSTRAKBatasan rasio komposisi Cu : Mg yang mengalami fenomena rapid hardening pada paduan Al-Cu-Mg masih belum diketahui secara pasti. Selain itu juga, pengaruh komposisi Cu dan Mg pada rentang yang lebar terhadap respons penuaan belum pernah diamati dengan rinci. Penelitian ini mengamati pengaruh variasi komposisi Cu dan Mg pada fenomena rapid hardening dan respons penuaan pada paduan Al-Cu-Mg. Karakterisasi meliputi pengujian kekerasan Vickers dan pengamatan mikrostruktur dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik, SEM/EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan komposisi Cu dan Mg memperkecil ukuran butir dan meningkatkan fraksi volume partikel intermetalik yang terbentuk. Pada rentang komposisi Cu (1.1-3.0 at.%) dan Mg (1.7-3.5 at.%) yang lebar, pada paduan Al-Cu-Mg, batas rasio terjadinya fenomena rapid hardening belum dapat ditentukan dengan tepat. Komposisi dimana terjadi fenomena rapid hardening pada penuaan temperatur 170 oC ternyata fluktuatif. Pada saat rapid hardening (waktu penuaan 60 detik), loop dislokasi merupakan satu-satunya mikrostruktur yang ditemukan, sementara pada saat kekerasan puncak, ditemukan presipitat fasa S.

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ABSTRACTThe range of Cu : Mg ratio in Al-Cu-Mg alloy which undergoes rapid hardening has not been clearly understood. The ageing response on this alloy with wide Cu : Mg ratio has not been fully evaluated. This study observed the effect of Cu : Mg ratio on rapid hardening and ageing response of Al-Cu-Mg alloys. Characterization included Vickers Hardness Testing and Microstructural Observation by using Optical Microscope, SEM/EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). The results showed that the higher the Cu and Mg content, the smaller the grain size and the higher the volume fraction of intermetallic particles. Within the range of 1.1-3.0 at.% Cu and 1.7-3.5 at.% Mg, the Cu : Mg ratio at which rapid hardening occurred, was not able to define. The data was fluctuative at the ageing temperature of 170 oC. After rapid hardening (for 60 seconds of ageing), dislocation loops were observed. While at the peak hardness, the microstructure was strengthened by S precipitates."

"The search for European security cooperation form post the Cold War has become very important due to the dynamic change in Europe in the fields of economy, politics, social and culture. This dynamic has led to the changing threats in Europe. Because of this, European Union (EU) feels necessary to form a more proper security cooperation. The objective of this writing is to identify the form and dynamics experienced by European Union (EU) in obtaining a securitycooperation that is relevant and suitable with the condition faced by Europe at the present time.The research will be carried out by using security communities theory. This theory is selected because it can explain the relationship between security cooperation needs with the current phenomenon. The data is obtained by library research and processed with data analysis method. The result of this research has shown that Europe needs a new cooperation form in facing the current challenges. However it will still be in cooperation with the previous cooperation form."

"ABSTRAKKementerian kesehatan bertugas dalam penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan di bidang kesehatan. Upaya kesehatan didukung oleh sumber daya di bidang kesehatan meliputi perbekalan sediaan farmasi, alat kesehatan, dan perbekalan kesehatan lainnya termasuk perbekalan kesehatan rumah tangga PKRT . Pengawasan dan penetapan regulasi terkait penjaminan mutu sumber daya di bidang kesehatan dilakukan oleh personil yang memiliki kompetensi di bidangnya yaitu tenaga kesehatan, termasuk Apoteker. Praktik kerja profesi dilaksanakan di Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan selama dua pekan, bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur organisasi dan memahami tugas pokok, fungsi, tanggung jawab apoteker, serta mendapat gambaran nyata tentang permasalahan kefarmasian di di Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI, khususnya di Direktorat Pengawasan Alat Kesehatan dan PKRT. Salah satu permasalahan yang ditemukan yaitu kasus hasil negatif palsu pada penggunaan alat kesehatan diagnostik in vitro Rapid Test HIV. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan analisis akar penyebab masalah terkait kasus tersebut sebagai tugas khusus selama praktik kerja profesi di instansi pemerintah. Analisis dilakukan dengan melakukan tinjauan pustaka dan diskusi dengan personil dari Direktorat Pengawasan Alat Kesehatan dan PKRT. Hasil analisis disimpulkan bahwa akar penyebab masalah yang paling dominan yaitu kondisi saat pendistribusian alat kesehatan yang tidak terkontrol dan kurangnya kemampuan penelusuran penanganan produk dalam rantai distribusi alat kesehatan.

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ABSTRACTThe Ministry of Health is in charge of administering governmental affairs in the health sector. Health promotions are supported by health resources including pharmaceutical supplies, medical devices and other health supplies including household health supplies perbekalan kesehatan rumah tangga/PKRT . Supervision and stipulation of regulation related to quality assurance of health resources is performed by competent health personnel, including pharmacist. This internship held in Directorate General of Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices for two weeks was aimed to get a knowledge about the organizational structure and to understand the main tasks, functions, pharmacist responsibilities, and get a real picture about the pharmaceutical issues in the Directorate General of Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices of the Ministry of Health, especially in the Directorate of Medical Devices and Household Health Supplies Monitoring. One of the problems found was the case of false-negative results on the use of in vitro diagnostic medical device Rapid Test HIV. Therefore, the root causes analysis related to the case was conducted as a specific assignment during phamacists internship in government institute. The analysis was conducted by doing literature reviews and discussions with personnel from the Directorate of Medical Device Monitoring and PKRT. The result of the analysis concluded that the dominant root cause of the case is the uncontrolled distribution condition of medical devices and lack of traceability in medical devices product handling during distribution chain. "

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Dalam pembuktian kasus persetubuhan, anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik memiliki nilai bukti yang rendah. Dokter Forensik hanya dapat membuktikan persetubuhan dengan ditemukannya cairan mani atau sel sperma pada pemeriksaan penunjang. Baru-baru ini dikembangkan rapid test SD Bioline Semen Inspection yang sensitif dan spesifik untuk menemukan prostate-spesific antigen (PSA) yang merupakan salah satu dari kandungan cairan mani. Diharapkan metode ini dapat menjadi alternatif dalam pembuktian kasus persetubuhan. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui nilai diagnostik alat SD Bioline Semen Inspection dalam mendeteksi adanya PSA pada usapan vagina, dan gambaran perbandingan nilai diagnostiknya pada subyek yang bersetubuh antara 1-3 hari dan 4-7 hari sebelum dilakukan pemeriksaan. Metode :uji diagnostik dengam metode potong lintang, membandingkan antara rapid test SD Bioline Semen Inspection dengan Automatic Immuno Assay (AIA). Hasil : Nilai diagnostik alat SD Bioline Semen Inspection pada penelitian ini menunjukkan sensitivitas 44,44%, spesifisitas 100%, nilai duga positif 100%, nilai duga negatif 86,11%, prevalensi 22,5% dan akurasi 87,5%. Pada subyek yang bersetubuh antara 1-3 hari sebelum pemeriksaan menunjukkan nilai diagnostik sensitivitas 50%, spesifisitas 100%, nilai duga positif 100%, nilai duga negatif 89,29%, prevalensi 9,35% dan akurasi 90,32%. Pada subyek yang bersetubuh antara 4-7 hari sebelum pemeriksaan menunjukkan nilai diagnostik sensitivitas 33,33%, spesifisitas 100%, nilai duga positif 100%, nilai duga negatif 75%, prevalensi 33,33% dan akurasi 77,78%. Kesimpulan : SD Bioline Semen Inspection dapat digunakan dalam pelayanan kedokteran Forensik untuk membuktikan adanya PSA, namun perlu dilakukan uji konfirmasi dengan modalitas lain jika didapatkan hasil negatif.

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ABSTRACTBackground : History and physical examination alone could not prove a sexual intercourse. Thus, forensic doctors also need to find evidence of seminal fluid or sperm in determining sexual intercourse. Recently, there is an advancement in diagnostic tool in examining prostate specific antigen (PSA) in seminal fluid, which is a SD Bioline Semen Inspection. As a rapid test, this diagnostic tool is expected to be used in daily practice as an alternative method in determining sexual intercourse. Objective : To determine diagnostic value of SD Bioline Semen Inspection in detecting Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA) from vaginal swabs; To have an overview of diagnostic value of SD Bioline Semen Inspection in detecting Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA) between 1-3 days and 4-7 days of intercourse prior to the examination. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional research to compare SD Bioline Semen Inspection tool to Automatic Immuno Assay (AIA) Results: This study showed SD Bioline Semen Inspection tool has 44.44% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 86,11% negative predictive value, prevalence is 22.5% and 87.5% accuracy. On the subject who have history of intercourse between 1-3 days prior to the examination, it showed 50% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100 % positive predictive value, 89,29% negative predictive value, prevalence is 9.35% and 90.32% accuracy. On the subject who have history of intercourse between 4-7 days prior to the examination, it showed 33.33% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 75% negative predictive value , prevalence is 33.33%, and 77.78% accuracy. Conclusion: The SD Bioline semen Inspection can be used in forensic medical services to prove the existence of PSA, but if the results are negative it still needs confirmation from other diagnostic modalities.;Background : History and physical examination alone could not prove a sexual intercourse. Thus, forensic doctors also need to find evidence of seminal fluid or sperm in determining sexual intercourse. Recently, there is an advancement in diagnostic tool in examining prostate specific antigen (PSA) in seminal fluid, which is a SD Bioline Semen Inspection. As a rapid test, this diagnostic tool is expected to be used in daily practice as an alternative method in determining sexual intercourse. Objective : To determine diagnostic value of SD Bioline Semen Inspection in detecting Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA) from vaginal swabs; To have an overview of diagnostic value of SD Bioline Semen Inspection in detecting Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA) between 1-3 days and 4-7 days of intercourse prior to the examination. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional research to compare SD Bioline Semen Inspection tool to Automatic Immuno Assay (AIA) Results: This study showed SD Bioline Semen Inspection tool has 44.44% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 86,11% negative predictive value, prevalence is 22.5% and 87.5% accuracy. On the subject who have history of intercourse between 1-3 days prior to the examination, it showed 50% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100 % positive predictive value, 89,29% negative predictive value, prevalence is 9.35% and 90.32% accuracy. On the subject who have history of intercourse between 4-7 days prior to the examination, it showed 33.33% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 75% negative predictive value , prevalence is 33.33%, and 77.78% accuracy. Conclusion: The SD Bioline semen Inspection can be used in forensic medical services to prove the existence of PSA, but if the results are negative it still needs confirmation from other diagnostic modalities., Background : History and physical examination alone could not prove a sexual intercourse. Thus, forensic doctors also need to find evidence of seminal fluid or sperm in determining sexual intercourse. Recently, there is an advancement in diagnostic tool in examining prostate specific antigen (PSA) in seminal fluid, which is a SD Bioline Semen Inspection. As a rapid test, this diagnostic tool is expected to be used in daily practice as an alternative method in determining sexual intercourse. Objective : To determine diagnostic value of SD Bioline Semen Inspection in detecting Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA) from vaginal swabs; To have an overview of diagnostic value of SD Bioline Semen Inspection in detecting Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA) between 1-3 days and 4-7 days of intercourse prior to the examination. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional research to compare SD Bioline Semen Inspection tool to Automatic Immuno Assay (AIA) Results: This study showed SD Bioline Semen Inspection tool has 44.44% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 86,11% negative predictive value, prevalence is 22.5% and 87.5% accuracy. On the subject who have history of intercourse between 1-3 days prior to the examination, it showed 50% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100 % positive predictive value, 89,29% negative predictive value, prevalence is 9.35% and 90.32% accuracy. On the subject who have history of intercourse between 4-7 days prior to the examination, it showed 33.33% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 75% negative predictive value , prevalence is 33.33%, and 77.78% accuracy. Conclusion: The SD Bioline semen Inspection can be used in forensic medical services to prove the existence of PSA, but if the results are negative it still needs confirmation from other diagnostic modalities.]"