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"Osteoartritis OA adalah penyakit sendi kronis yang merupakan penyebab utama disabilitas menahun di dunia saat ini. Salah satu faktor yang berperan penting dalam patogenesis OA adalah terjadinya stres oksidatif berlebih, yang menginduksi kerusakan kondrosit akibat dan ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar malondialdehid MDA . Asam lemak omega-3 memiliki peran dalam menghambat terjadinya stres oksidatif, namun sebaliknya asam lemak omega-6 memiliki fungsi yang berlawanan. Kedua asam lemak ini bersifat esensial di dalam tubuh, dan kadarnya ditentukan oleh asupan dari bahan makanan sumber. Rasio antara asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 yang optimal dapat mengurangi terjadinya stres oksidatif dalam tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan antara rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 terhadap kadar MDA plasma pada pasien OA lutut. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan di poli ortopedi RS Bhayangkara Tk I RS. Sukanto dan RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, terhadap pasien OA lutut derajat 2-4, berusia 40-60 tahun, pada bulan April-Mei 2018. Asupan asam lemak omega-3 dan omega-6 untuk 1 bulan ke belakang didapatkan dengan menggunakan semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Besarnya rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 dihitung dengan cara membagi rata-rata asupan harian asam lemak omega-6 total dengan rata-rata asupan harian asam lemak omega-3 total. Kadar MDA plasma diukur dengan metode spektrofotometri. Dari 57 subjek yang mengikuti penelitian, didapatkan rerata usia 50 tahun, sebanyak 87,7 adalah subjek perempuan, serta sebagian besar 89,5 masuk dalam kategori obesitas. Persentase asupan kedua asam lemak masih kurang bila dibandingkan dengan Angka Kecukupan Gizi AKG , dengan nilai tengah asupan asam lemak omega-3 total subjek adalah 0,864 0,351-2,200 g/hari, sedangkan asupan asam lemak omega-6 total sebesar 6,830 3,066-19,110 g/hari. Didapatkan rerata rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 yaitu 8,8:1, dan rerata kadar MDA plasma pada subjek sebesar 0,773 0,199 nmol/mL. Setelah mengontrol faktor usia, IMT dan skor aktivitas fisik dengan uji regresi linear ganda, didapatkan hasil setiap kenaikan 1 unit rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 dapat meningkatkan kadar MDA plasma sebesar 0,023 nmol/mL = 0,023, 95 CI = 0,004 ndash; 0,042, p = 0,017 . Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 yang tinggi berhubungan dengan peningkatan kadar MDA plasma pada pasien OA lutut derajat II-IV. Oleh karena itu diperlukan edukasi untuk mendapatkan rasio yang optimal sehingga dapat mecegah peningkatan progresivitas OA lutut.

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Osteoarthritis OA is a chronic disease characterized by joint pain, and is a major cause of disability in the patient. One of several factors in the pathogenesis of OA is the generation of oxidative stress, inducing chondrocytes apoptosis due to lipid peroxidation, characterized by the increasing of malondialdehyde MDA level. Omega 3 fatty acids have role in inhibiting the oxidative stress, meanwhile omega 6 hold contradicting role. Both fatty acids are essential in human body, and their levels are determined by the intake from the food sources. The omega 6 omega 3 ratio should be optimal in order to reduce the oxidative stress. This study aims to investigate the association between the ratio of omega 6 omega 3 fatty acids intake to MDA plasma level in patients with knee OA. This was a cross sectional study, conducted at orthopedic clinic at Bhayangkara RS. Sukanto Hospital and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, in patients with II IV grade Kellgren Lawrence of knee OA, aged between 40 60 years. The 1 month history of omega 3 and omega 6 intake was obtained by using semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The omega 6 omega 3 ratio was calculated by dividing the average daily intake of total omega 6 fatty acids by the average daily intake of total omega 3 fatty acids. The MDA plasma level was measured by spectrophotometry method. Of 57 subjects participated, the mean age was 50 years, 87,7 were female, and mostly 89,5 were obese. The percentage of both fatty acids intake was below the Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA , the median for omega 3 and omega 6 intake were 0,864 0,351 2,200 g day and 6,830 3,066 19,110 g day. Thus the ratio of omega 6 omega 3 intake was 8,8 1, and the mean MDA plasma level was 0,773 0,199 nmol mL. The age, BMI, and physical activity score variables were then controlled through multiple linear regression test. The results found were the increase of 1 unit of omega 6 omega 3 intake ratio would increase MDA level of 0,023 nmol mL 0,023, 95 CI 0,004 ndash 0,042, p 0,017 . A high ratio of omega 6 omega 3 intake is associated with elevated plasma MDA level in knee OA patients. Therefore, a subsequent education is necessary in achieving optimal ratio thus prevent the progressivity of knee OA."

"Resistensi insulin adalah penurunan kemampuan jaringan (otot, hati, dan jaringan adiposa) untuk merespon insulin yang bersirkulasi secara normal dalam darah yang berisiko berkembang menjadi penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2. Rasio tinggi asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 diduga berperan dalam menurunkan sensitivitas insulin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara rasio asupan omega-6/omega-3 dan HOMA-IR pada perempuan usia reproduktif. Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan di Jakarta, pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2021. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode consecutive sampling dan diperoleh 79 subjek perempuan yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara 24-hours food recall sebanyak 3 kali, pengukuran antropometri untuk menilai status gizi, dan pengambilan serum untuk mengukur kadar glukosa darah puasa dan insulin. Rerata asupan omega-6 pada subjek adalah 9.43 ± 3.69 gram/hari, median asupan omega-3 pada subjek adalah 0.79 (0.23–3.53) gram/hari, dan rerata rasio asupan omega-6/omega-3 adalah 12.32 ± 4.32. Rerata HOMA-IR pada subjek adalah 3.04 ± 1.24. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah antara rasio asupan omega-6/omega-3 dan HOMA-IR, namun tidak signifikan (r=0.161, p=0.157). Ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara DHA dan HOMA-IR setelah mengontrol faktor perancu (p=0.014). Tidak ada hubungan antara rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 dan HOMA-IR pada perempuan usia reproduktif. Namun, ditemukan hubungan antara asupan DHA dan HOMA-IR yang menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan asupan asam lemak tidak jenuh dapat mencegah terjadinya resistensi insulin.

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Insulin resistance is a decrease in the ability of tissues (muscle, liver, and adipose tissue) to respond to insulin that circulates normally in the blood which is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. A high ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid intake is thought to play a role in reducing insulin sensitivity. This study aims to determine the association between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake and HOMA-IR in reproductive-aged women. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jakarta, from July to October 2021. Sampling used the consecutive sampling method and obtained 79 women subjects who met the research criteria. Data was collected through 24-hour food recall interviews 3 times, anthropometric measurements to assess nutritional status, and serum sampling to measure fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. The mean omega-6 intake in the subjects was 9.43 ± 3.69 grams/day, the median omega-3 intake in the subjects was 0.79 (0.23–3.53) grams/day, and the mean ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake was 12.32 ± 4.32. The mean HOMA-IR in the subjects was 3.04 ± 1.24. There was weak positive correlation between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake and HOMA-IR, but not significant (r=0.161, p=0.157). A significant relationship was found between DHA and HOMA-IR after adjusted confounding factors (p=0.014). There was no association between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid intake and HOMA-IR in reproductive-aged women. However, it was found that there was a assocation between DHA intake and HOMA-IR which indicated that increasing intake of unsaturated fatty acids could prevent insulin resistance"

"Asam lemak omega-3 merupakan komponen penting pada pembentukan sel saraf, retina dan membran sel. Penelitian terakhir menunjukkan bahwa asam lemak omega-3 berkaitan dengan pertumbuhan janin. Ibu hamil dengan asupan asam lemak omega-3 yang tidak tercukupi memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR). Di Indonesia, angka BBLR masih tergolong tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kecukupan asam lemak omega-3 sangat penting untuk diperhatikan pada ibu hamil sejak awal kandungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kecukupan asam lemak omega-3 ibu hamil di Indonesia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi potong lintang. Subjek penelitian merupakan ibu hamil sehat dengan usia gestasi hingga 20 minggu. Kecukupan dinilai melalui pendataan asupan asam lemak omega-3, omega-6 beserta rasionya dan pemeriksaan kadar asam lemak omega-3 membran eritrosit. Data penelitian kemudian dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan asam lemak omega-3 total subjek penelitian masih kurang akibat rendahnya rerata asupan ALA subjek, meskipun rerata asupan EPA dan DHAnya telah terpenuhi. Asupan asam lemak omega-6 total subjek telah terpenuhi, begitu pula dengan asupan LAnya, tetapi asupan AA subjek masih belum terpenuhi. Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 sebagian besar subjek masih kurang baik. Dari uji korelasi ditemukan adanya korelasi positif bermakna antara asupan EPA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,34) dan kadar EPA+DHA (r=0,38), asupan DHA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,31), asupan EPA+DHA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,34) dan kadar EPA+DHA (r=0,35). Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 ditemukan memiliki korelasi negatif bermakna dengan kadar EPA (r= ?0,34). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa asam lemak omega-3 ibu hamil belum tercukupi sehingga diperlukan edukasi dan screening kecukupan asupan asam lemak omega-3 bagi ibu hamil sejak awal kandungan.

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Omega-3 fatty acids are important components of neural, retinal and cell membranes. Latest findings show that omega-3 fatty acids play a role in fetal growth. Pregnant women with low intakes of omega-3 fatty acids were found to have higher risk of low birth weight (LBW). In Indonesia, LBW prevalence is still high. Thus omega-3 fatty acids sufficiency is of great importance starting early in pregnancy. The aim of this study is to determine omega-3 fatty acids status of pregnant women in Indonesia. The design of the study is cross-sectional. Subjects are healthy pregnant women with gestational age up to 20 weeks pregnancy. Omega-3 fatty acids status obtained from interview on intakes of omega-3 fatty acids and level of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane. The data?s then analyzed using Spearman correlation test. The study results show that total omega-3 fatty acids intakes are insufficient, due to low ALA intake, even though EPA and DHA intakes are sufficient. Intakes of total omega-6 fatty acids and LA are sufficient but AA intake is very low. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids intake is found to be higher than expected. Spearman correlation test shows significant positive correlations between intake of EPA and DHA level (r=0.34), intake of EPA and EPA+DHA level (r=0.38), intake of DHA and its level (r=0.31), intake of EPA+DHA and DHA level (r=0.35), intake of EPA+DHA and its level (r=0.34). Ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids intake is found to be significantly correlated with EPA level (r=?0.34). In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acids intake of pregnant women in Indonesia is still insufficient. Therefore, education to increase omega-3 fatty acids intake during pregnancy and screening of omega-3 fatty acids intake need to be perform early in pregnancy."