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"Emisi karbon dari kawasan mangrove bergantung pada properti tanah di bawah perairan. Beberapa jenis mangrove yang menerima input nutrisi dari sisa kegiatan manusia akan memperkaya aktivitas mikroba di dalam tanah yang berdampak kepada emisi karbon seperti metana (CH4) dan karbondioksida (CO2) yang lebih besar ke atmosfer. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik tanah mangrove di Marunda pada musim hujan dan hubungannya dengan emisi metana dan karbondioksida, serta mengetahui pengaruh air buangan terhadap karakteristik tanah mangrove dikawasan Marunda. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa irigasi menurunkan potensial redoks tanah dari 471,0 mV menjadi 264 mV oleh tanah yang diirigasikan dengan air sungai dan 293,7 mV oleh air tambak. Irigasi dengan air tambak meningkatkan kandungan NO3-yag signifikan, dari 2,8-3,6 mg/L dan 0,1-0,8 mg/L pada air sungai. Irigasi juga meningkatkan konsentrasi ion NH4+ pada tanah yang dialiri air sungai maupun air tambak dengan konsentrasi yang lebih besar pada air sungai. Akumulasi amonium di dalam tanah menurunkan emisi CO2 pada air tambak yang disebabkan oleh pengubahan enzim untuk memperlambat mineralisasi karbon. Tidak terdapat gas metana yang terdeteksi dalam penelitian ini karena tahap dekomposisi bahan organik yang dominan terjadi di tanah adalah tahap fermentasi yang ditunjukkan oleh angka potensial redoks tanah yang berada pada rentang 200 – 450 mV dan C/N sebesar 9 yang tidak optimal bagi pembentukan metana. Kisaran nilai potensial redoks tersebut juga mengindikasikan adanya proses nitrifikasi dan ARNA selama masa percobaan berlangsung. ......Carbon emission from mangrove ecosystem are depended on soil properties under water. Some types of mangrove which receives nutrition input from domestic wastewater will enhance microbial activities within the soils and affect a greater carbon emission as methane (CH4) and carbondioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. The goal of this research is to analyze the characteristics of mangrove soils in Marunda in rainy season and its corelation with carbon emission and to find the impact of discharging wastewater towards mangrove soils to the soil’s characteristics. The observation was held in laboratory scale, by irrigating the mangrove soils with downstream water of Banjir Kanal Timur (BKT) and milkfish ponds water for 68 days. The irrigation were done at every alternate day by discharging 0,8 L of wastewater to the soils. The results showed that irrigation could lower redox potential from the initial 471,0 mV became 264,0 mV for the soils discharged by BKT water and 293,7 mV for the soils discharged by milkfish ponds water. Irrigation by milkfish ponds water enhance NO3- significantly, with the variation 2,8-3,6 mg/L and 0,1-0,8 mg/L in the soils discharged by BKT water. Irrigation also enhanced NH4+ concentration in the soil with a greater values showed by soils discharged by BKT water. Accumulation of NH4+ in the soils leads to depletion of CO2 emission from the soils discharged by milkfish ponds water due to the changing of enzime that could inhibit carbon mineralization, besides, there was no methane detected in this experiment because the organic decomposition stage was still at fermentatoion which produced CO2 more significantly instead of merthane. This stage was indicated by the range of redox potential shown by the soils were 200 – 450 mV and C/N ration of the soil was 9 which is not in optimum range to produce methane. Those Redox value (Eh) range also indicated nitrification and ARNA proces occured during the experiment."

"Learning the basics of physical chemistry with a unique, innovative approach. Georg Job and Regina Rueffler introduce readers to an almost intuitive understanding of the two fundamental concepts, chemical potential and entropy. Avoiding complex mathematics, these concepts are illustrated with the help of numerous demonstration experiments. Using these concepts, the subjects of chemical equilibria, kinetics and electrochemistry are presented at an undergraduate level. The basic quantities and equations necessary for the qualitative and quantitative description of chemical transformations are introduced by using everyday experiences and particularly more than one hundred illustrative experiments, many presented online as videos. These are in turn supplemented by nearly 400 figures, and by learning objectives for each chapter. From a review of the German edition: This book is the most revolutionary textbook on physical chemistry that has been published in the last few decades."