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Abstrak :
Half the population of the world to this day still has not experienced religious freedom. Religious persecution often still occurs at many places in the world. Research studies show that there is a direct correlation between religious freedom and economic prosperity. "Prosperity is the result of freedom, therefore the best way to improve the economic prosperity of a nation is to ensure freedom for its citizens." This article will first elaborate models of the relationship between church and state, and then explain the basic principle of the Bible regarding religious freedom. It further explains why incarceration of religious freedom or of conscience by the state is wrong, despite the reasons of protecting its citizens from false religion or from a cult. This paper will also explore religious persecution from the time of early church until the birth of Protestantism, and then speaks about the struggle and the protection of religious freedom. Furthermore this article goes into what underlies the constitutional protection of religious freedom in America, and then browse through the struggle and the protection of religious freedom as a struggle of the world.

Abstrak :
Kebebasan beragama/berkeyakinan pada dasarnya merupakan hak asasi manusia yang tidak dapat dikurangi dalam keadaan apapun (non derogable rights). Dalam hukum Indonesia pemenuhan hak atas kebebasan beragama tiap warga negara secara langsung dijamin oleh konstitusi. Meskipun telah mendapat jaminan langsung dari konstitusi, pada prakteknya pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan beragama masih kerap terjadi. Keberadaan Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama ditengarai sebagai salah satu faktor yang mendorong terjadinya berbagai pelanggaran kebebasan beragama di Indonesia. Secara substasnsi, Undang-Undang tersebut memberikan pengakuan tehadap enam agama sebagai agama resmi. Tulisan ini dibuat dengan pendekatan normatif yang dimaksudkan untuk menelaah keseuaian norma dalam Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama dengan doktrin serta prinsip-prinsip HAM tekait kebebasan beragama. Selain itu, studi empiris dengan juga dilakukan untuk memperlihatkan dampak riil dari pengaturan dalam Undang-Undang tersebut. Dengan pendekatan demikian, dapat dilihat bahwa Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 memuat ketentuan pengaturan yang secara substansial bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip HAM terkait kebebasan beragama. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa dalam prakteknya ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 serta peraturan atau kebijakan turunannya memicu berbagai tindakan diskriminatif dan pelanggaran terhadap hak atas kebebasan beragama terutama bagi para pemeluk agama/kepercayaan yang tidak diakui oleh negara. ...... Religious freedom is one of the right that can not be reduced under any circumstances (non-derogable rights). Under Indonesian law, the fulfilment of religious freedom rights of every citizen are guaranteed by the constitution. Despite enjoying direct guarantee from the constitution, in practice, violations of religious freedom still occur frequently. The existence of the Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 on the Prevention of Abuse of Religion and/or Blasphemy is considered as one of the factors that led to religious freedom violations in Indonesia. Substantially, this Act provides recognition to six religions as official religion. This paper is written in a normative approach to look over the suitability of the norms in the Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 on the the Prevention of Abuse of Religion and/or Blasphemy by the doctrine of human rights and the principles of religious freedom. Moreover, empirical studies are also conducted to show the real impact of regulation in the Act. Thus, it can be seen that the regulation on Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 contains provisions that are substantially opposed to the human rights principles related to freedom of religion. Furthermore, it was found that in practice the provision on the Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 and its derivative regulations and policies caused various discriminative actions and violations to the right of religious freedom, especially for the disciples of the religion/beliefs who are not recognized by the state.

Abstrak :
Kebebasan beragama/berkeyakinan pada dasarnya merupakan hak asasi manusia yang tidak dapat dikurangi dalam keadaan apapun (non derogable rights). Dalam hukum Indonesia pemenuhan hak atas kebebasan beragama tiap warga negara secara langsung dijamin oleh konstitusi. Meskipun telah mendapat jaminan langsung dari konstitusi, pada prakteknya pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan beragama masih kerap terjadi. Keberadaan Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama ditengarai sebagai salah satu faktor yang mendorong terjadinya berbagai pelanggaran kebebasan beragama di Indonesia. Secara substasnsi, Undang-Undang tersebut memberikan pengakuan tehadap enam agama sebagai agama resmi. Tulisan ini dibuat dengan pendekatan normatif yang dimaksudkan untuk menelaah keseuaian norma dalam Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama dengan doktrin serta prinsip-prinsip HAM tekait kebebasan beragama. Selain itu, studi empiris dengan juga dilakukan untuk memperlihatkan dampak riil dari pengaturan dalam Undang-Undang tersebut. Dengan pendekatan demikian, dapat dilihat bahwa Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 memuat ketentuan pengaturan yang secara substansial bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip HAM terkait kebebasan beragama. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa dalam prakteknya ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965 serta peraturan atau kebijakan turunannya memicu berbagai tindakan diskriminatif dan pelanggaran terhadap hak atas kebebasan beragama terutama bagi para pemeluk agama/kepercayaan yang tidak diakui oleh negara. ...... Religious freedom is one of the right that can not be reduced under any circumstances (non-derogable rights). Under Indonesian law, the fulfilment of religious freedom rights of every citizen are guaranteed by the constitution. Despite enjoying direct guarantee from the constitution, in practice, violations of religious freedom still occur frequently. The existence of the Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 on the Prevention of Abuse of Religion and/or Blasphemy is considered as one of the factors that led to religious freedom violations in Indonesia. Substantially, this Act provides recognition to six religions as official religion. This paper is written in a normative approach to look over the suitability of the norms in the Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 on the the Prevention of Abuse of Religion and/or Blasphemy by the doctrine of human rights and the principles of religious freedom. Moreover, empirical studies are also conducted to show the real impact of regulation in the Act. Thus, it can be seen that the regulation on Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 contains provisions that are substantially opposed to the human rights principles related to freedom of religion. Furthermore, it was found that in practice the provision on the Act No. 1/PNPS/1965 and its derivative regulations and policies caused various discriminative actions and violations to the right of religious freedom, especially for the disciples of the religion/beliefs who are not recognized by the state.