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"Menurut Kementerian ESDM (2018) sisa cadangan minyak bumi hanya akan cukup untuk 19 tahun, gas bumi untuk 55 tahun dan cadangan batu bara untuk 142 tahun dengan produksi energi Indonesia saat ini. Keterbatasan dari energi tidak terbarukan tersebut menjadi ancaman bagi ketahanan energi Indonesia di sisi lain proporsi dari energi terbarukan masih sangat kecil di bauran energi Indonesia. Potensi dan peluang energi panas bumi harus dimanfaaatkan dengan baik ke depannya karena walaupun memiliki 40% dari total sumber panas bumi dunia, pemanfaatan energi ini masih rendah dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lain di dunia yang memiliki cadangan yang jauh lebih rendah. Rasio kapasitas terpasang Indonesia terhadap cadangan sumber cadangan yang hanya sebesar 6.83%. Tantangan utama dari rendahnya utilisasi panas bumi di Indonesia di antaranya data yang tidak terintegerasi, pembiayaan dan regulasi pemerintah (Fan, 2018). Oleh karena itu penulis akan menganalisis kebijakan terkait panas bumi di beberapa negara yang dapat menjadi contoh dalam pengembangan panas bumi Indonesia ke depannya yaitu Amerika Serikat, Turki dan Filipina untuk realisasi target panas bumi Indonesia ke depannya.

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According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2018) the remaining oil reserves will only be enough for 19 years, natural gas for 55 years and coal reserves for 142 years with Indonesia's current energy production. The limitation of non-renewable energy poses a threat to Indonesia's energy security, while the proportion of renewable energy is still very small in Indonesia's energy mix. The potential and opportunities of geothermal energy must be utilized properly in the future because despite having 40% of the total world geothermal resources, the utilization of this energy is still low compared to other countries in the world that have much lower reserves.

The ratio of Indonesia's installed capacity to reserves is only 6.83%. The main challenges of the low utilization of geothermal energy in Indonesia include unintegrated data, financing and government regulations (Fan, 2018). Therefore, the author will analyze geothermal-related policies in several countries that can be an example in the future development of Indonesia's geothermal energy, namely the United States, Turkey and the Philippines for the realization of Indonesia's geothermal targets going forward."

"Bahan bakar minyak memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam pengembangan industri, transportasi, pertanian serta aktivitas manusia lainnya. Bahan bakar minyak yang umum digunakan adalah bahan bakar berbasis fosil yang jumlahnya terbatas, tidak terbarukan serta berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karena itu dewasa ini penelitian dan produksi bahan bakar bersih dan terbarukan berbasis minyak nabati dan lemak hewani marak dilakukan. Biodiesel sebagai bahan bakar nabati yang populer untuk substitusi minyak diesel konvensional didapati masih banyak kelemahan baik di dalam proses produksinya maupun dari kualitas produk biodiesel itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan teknologi konversi minyak nabati yang lebih efisien dan menghasilkan bahan bakar setara solar atau yang dikenal renewable diesel.Teknologi hydrotreating katalitik sebagai existing technology di kilang pengolahan minyak bumi memiliki kemampuan untuk mengkonversi baik trigliserida maupun asam lemak bebas melalui satu tahap reaksi menjadi hidrokarbon jenis parafinik setara minyak diesel konvensional yang tidak mengandung senyawa oksigen sehingga stabilitasnya lebih baik dari biodiesel. Proses Hydrotreating katalitik berbasis NiMo/ɣ-Al2O3 yang dikerjakan dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan produk minyak diesel terbarukan (Renewable Diesel) setara minyak diesel konvensional dengan menggunakan umpan minyak kemiri sunan yang pemanfaatannya masih menggunakan proses transesterifikasi menghasilkan produk biodiesel.Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam tiga tahap yaitu preparsi katalis, karakterisasi katalis dan sintesis renewable diesel dengan proses hydrotreating. Hasil katalis yang telah dipreparasi dilakukan karakterisasi dengan Brunaur Emmet Teller (BET) dan didapat luas permukaan 105.5 m2/g serta volume dan diameter pori masing-masing sebesar 0.1842 cc/g dan 34.93 A0. Kemudian identifikasi dengan X-ray diffraction (XRD) menunjukan keberadaan logam Mo dan persebarannya dalam support yang cukup merata.Hasil Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) yang diperkuat X-ray Energy Dispersive (EDX) menggambarkan keberadaan logam Ni dan Mo dalam suatu komposisi mikro dan tekstur persebaran dari logam-logam aktif yang cukup merata. Produk hasil proses hydrotreating dengan variasi tekanan, suhu dan rasio berat katalis terhadap umpan minyak nabati dianalisis menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC) dan dilakukan uji sifat fisika kimianya.Hasil GC menunjukan kenaikan suhu dan tekanan operasi meningkatkan yield produk hidrokarbon range diesel dengan yield tertinggi sebesar 30.95% pada tekanan 60 bar dan suhu 400 0C. Nilai konversi dan selektifitas adalah masing-masing 33.48% dan 95.72% dengan arah reaksi cenderung ke mekanisme decarbonylation. Perubahan di dalam rasio berat katalis terhadap umpan minyak nabati tidak mempengaruhi yield produk secara keseluruhan. Analisis sifat fisika dan kimia terhadap produk sebelum dilakukan distilasi menunjukan penurunan nilai densitas, viskositas, angka iod dan angka asam yang cukup signifikan dan mendekati spesifikasi minyak diesel komersial.

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Fuel plays a very important role in the development of industry, transportation, agriculture and other human activities. The ordinary fuel derived from fossils which has a limited reserves due to they are not renewable and have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, currently the research and production of clean and renewable fuels based on vegetable oils and animal fats had been conducted extensively. Biodiesel as a biofuel that is popular for the substitution of conventional diesel oil was found still has some weaknesses both in the production process as well as on the quality biodiesel product itself. Therefore a technology for conversion of vegetable oil in efficient way is needed to produce equivalent diesel fuel or renewable diesel.

Catalytic hydrotreating technology known as an existing technology in petroleum refineries has the ability to convert both triglycerides and free fatty acids through one reaction stage into hydrocarbons types paraffinic oil equivalent conventional diesel that contains no oxygen compounds thus better stability than biodiesel. Catalytic Hydrotreating process based on NiMo/ɣ-Al2O3 was conducted in this study aims to obtain renewable diesel oil products as well as conventional diesel oil using the feedstock of kemiri sunan oil which the utilization is still using the transesterification process to produce biodiesel.

This research was conducted in three phases, namely catalysts preparation, catalyst characterization and synthesis of renewable diesel by hydrotreating process.

The results of the prepared catalyst was characterized by Brunaur Emmet Teller (BET) and obtained 105.5 m2/g for the surface area and the pore volume and diameter of each are 0.1842 cc/g and 34.93 A0. Then identify with X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the presence of metal Mo and spreading on the support of catalyst was fairly uniform. The results of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were amplified Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) describes the presence of metal Ni and Mo in a micro composition and texture distribution of active metals are fairly evenly. Hydrotreating process products with variations in pressure, temperature and weight ratio of catalyst to feed vegetable oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and test of the physical and chemical properties.

GC results showed the increase in operating pressure and suhue increased the yield hydrocarbon products in the range diesel with the highest yield of 30.95% at a pressure of 60 bar and temperature of 400 0C. The conversion and selectivity is 33.48% and 95.72% where the reaction route tends to the decarbonylation mechanism. Changes in the weight ratio of catalyst to feed the vegetable oil did not affect the overall product yield. Analysis of physical and chemical properties of the product prior to distillation showed a decrease in the value of density, viscosity, iodine numbers and acid numbers are quite significant and closer specification commercial diesel oil."

"A global demand for energy has forced many countries to search for alternative and renewable energy. An anticipated effect of the development of renewable is an increase in employment as part of new green jobs creation, a major benefit for Indonesia to cope with its high unemployment rate. This paper describes the impact of renewable energy development on the jobs creation in Indonesia. First, we identify current government policies relative to renewable energy. Second, this paper describes the definition of green jobs and what type of jobs might be created due to development of renewable energy. Third, companies in Indonesia currently operating in the renewable energy sector are analyzed for their potential growth. Research is based solely on secondary data analysis. Information publicly available from the government/ministry website was used to examine policies concerning renewable energy. Related journals and articles were used to explore plans for the creation of green jobs, and a database search was conducted to identify companies currently operating in the renewable energy sector. The Kammen et al. (2004) study of Jobs per Megawatt of Capacity identified that the renewable energy installed capacity in 2007 created approximately 14,000 jobs in Indonesia. The potential capacity of renewable energy will create 70,000-190,000 jobs in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesiapan Indonesia, Thailand, dan Vietnam dalam dekarbonisasi di sektor tenagalistrikan. Pendekatan analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif yang didukung oleh data deskriptif dan membagikan kuesioner kepada tokoh yang ahli di sektor ketenagalistrikan. Hasil penelitian ini menujukkan Vietnam merupakan negara yang paling siap dalam dekarbonisasi di sektor ketenagalistrikan dibandingkan dengan Thailand dan Indonesia. Penelitian ini hanya menganalisis terbatas pada tiga negara dan fokus pada lima kriteria saja karena keterbatasan data yang tersedia dan waktu. Kesempatan Indonesia menjadi Presidensi ASEAN pada tahun 2023 diharapkan dapat menjadi potensi bagi Indonesia dalam memimpin untuk memonitoring negara anggota ASEAN megenai bagaimana cara mengatasi hambatan-hambatan untuk dekarbonisasi di sektor ketenagalistrikan.

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This study aims to determine the readiness of Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam in decarbonization in the electricity sector. The analytical approach used is a qualitative analysis supported by descriptive data and a survey of experts in the electricity sector. The results of this study show that Vietnam is the country that is most prepared for decarbonization in the electricity sector compared to Thailand and Indonesia. This study only analyzes limited to three countries and focuses on five criteria only because of the limited data available and time. Indonesia's opportunity to become the ASEAN Presidency in 2023 is expected to be a potential for Indonesia to take the lead in monitoring ASEAN member countries on how to overcome obstacles to decarbonization in the electricity sector."

"The future of modern societies depends on their ability to deal with the challenge of climate change. This book focuses on sustainability innovations in renewable energies, combined heat and power, and energy service contracting, and analyses the institutions, actors and functions within the innovation system. ;"

"The importance of biogas energy has risen manifold and has become universal. This is due to the realization that biogas capture and utilization has great potential in controlling global warming. By capturing biogas wherever it is formed, we not only tap a source of clean energy, but we also prevent the escape of methane to the atmosphere. Given that methane has 25 times greater global warming potential than CO2, methane capture through biogas energy in this manner can contribute substantially towards global warming control."