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"ABSTRAK Objectives: To comparatively evaluate the incidence of apical transportation during calcium hydroxide paste removal using two rotary systems on 40o curved simulated root canal blocks. Methods: Two groups (n 15: Group1, iRace; Group 2, ProTaper) of simulated root canals (40o curvature) were instrumented until working length wasachieved. Stereomicroscopic post instrumentation images were captured, and the final file was inserted into canal to the working length. Calcium hydroxide paste with iodoform was placed until working length was achieved and removed after 7 days using the master apical file with copious irrigation. Stereomicroscopic images were taken after calcium hydroxide paste removal, with the final file inserted until working length was achieved to assess the incidence of apical transportation. Stereomicroscopic images were obtained and superimposed using Adobe Photoshop 8. Results: Mean angle change after rotary instrumentation and calcium hydroxide paste removalwas observed in both groups and was greater in Group 2 than in Group 1. Superimposed images showed greater root canal deviation in Group 2 than in Group 1. Conclusion: Both file systems showed apical transportation upon calcium hydroxide paste removal from simulated curved root canals. A greater angle deviation and apical transportation was recorded with ProTaper."

"Penyakit gigi dan mulut termasuk dalam 10 peringkat penyakit terbanyak yang diderita masyarakat. Karies gigi merupakan penyakit gigi yang banyak dijumpai pada masyarakat di Indonesia dengan prevalensi dan derajat keparahan yang cukup tinggi.Penyakit karies gigi, kelainan periodontal, dan gangguan traumatik yang kronis dapat menyebabkan kelainan pada pulpa gigi yang akhirnya memerlukan perawatan endodontik. Salah satu jenis perawatan endodontik adalah perawatan saluran akar yaitu perawatan gigi dengan cara pengangkatan seluruh jaringan pulpa gigi. Di dalam perawatan saluran akar terutama pada perawatan endodontik konvensional diperlukan waktu kunjungan yang berulangkali yaitu antara 3 - 4 kali. Ketidakpatuhan dalam menjalani perawatan saluran akar dapat menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan yang berakibat perawatan harus diulang kembali. Hal ini berarti menambah biaya dan waktu.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku kepatuhan pasien dalam perawatan saluran akar yang datang ke Poliklinik Konservasi Gigi FKGUI Jakarta dari bulan September 1997 sampai dengan bulan Agustus 1998. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 1999. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan mengambil seluruh pasien yang datang yaitu sebanyak 131 orang. Dari seluruh populasi hanya 117 orang saja yang dapat diteliti. Perilaku kepatuhan dibagi dalam dua kategori yaitu patuh dan tidak patuh dilihat dari penyelesaian perawatan dan jadwal serta jumlah kunjungan yang telah dianjurkan oleh dokter giginya.Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa hanya 54 orang (46,2%) yang patuh menjalani perawatan dan yang tidak patuh sebanyak 63 orang (53,8%). Hasil analisis bivariat antara 8 variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat, menghasilkan 6 variabel yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna (p<0,05), yaitu variabel pengetahuan tentang perawatan saluran akar, persepsi tentang perawatan saluran akar, sikap terhadap perawatan saluran akar, waktu tunggu selama menjalani perawatan saluran akar, pelayanan petugas, dan dukungan keluarga/teman. Sedangkan 2 variabel lainnya yaitu aksesibilitas dan biaya, ternyata tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan perilaku kepatuhan (p>0,05).Hasil analisis multivariat dengan metoda regresi logistik dari delapan variabel bebas, ternyata hanya tiga variabel yang mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna (p<0,05), yaitu variabel waktu tunggu, sikap, dan persepsi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya variabel waktu tunggu, sikap, dan persepsi saja yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap perilaku kepatuhan dalam perawatan saluran akar gigi, dengan tetap melihat faktor-faktor lainnya.Intervensi perilaku berupa pendidikan kesehatan gigi bagi pasien dan masyarakat pada umumnya dapat menjadi alternatif yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien dalam menjalani perawatan gigi, terutama perawatan saluran akar yang memerlukan kunjungan yang berulangkali. Intervensi perilaku tidak hanya ditujukan pada pasien dan masyarakat saja, tetapi juga bagi tenaga kesehatan dalam rangka peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan gigi di masyarakat. Disamping itu perlu juga peningkatan sumberdaya dan fasilitas kesehatan untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan gigi masyarakat.

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Factors associated with compliance behaviors of patients for root canal treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia in 1998.Oral disease is the tenth prevalent disease in the community. Dental caries has high prevalence and severity level in Indonesia.

Dental caries, periodontal disease and chronic traumatic disorder can be the causes of dental pulpal disorder that may lead to endodontic treatment. Root canal treatment as an endodontic treatment is excavation the entire pulpal tissues. A conventional root canal treatment needs 3 to 4 visits. Incompliance to this treatment causes failure of the treatment, and needs to be repeated, which will require more time and cost to the treatment.

This study is to acknowledge the factors that are associated with patients' incompliance behavior to the root canal treatment. The study design is cross sectional study. The population study is all patients who came to the Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia during September 1997 until August 1998. 117 samples out of 131 were included in the study. Incompliance behavior was divided into two categories that are "comply" and "not comply", based on completion of the treatment, treatment schedule and number of visits instructed by the dentists.

Univariate analysis showed that only 54 samples (46,2%) complied to the treatment and 63 samples (53,8%) did not comply. In the bivariate analysis, 6 of 8 independent variables, which are knowledge, perception, attitude, waiting time, service of dental provider and family/friend support, showed significant relationship with the dependent variable (p<0,05). Whilst the other two variables, access ability and cost, did not show significant relationship with compliance behavior (p>0, 05).

The study concluded the variables of waiting time, attitude and perception are main factors that influence the compliance behavior of root canal treatment. Dental health education as an intervention for patients and community may be a worthy alternative effort in increase the patient?s compliance toward dental treatment, especially root canal treatment that needs repetitive visits. This alternative intervention may also be worthy for dental manpower in order to increase dental health service in the community that lead to increasing dental health level in the community."

"This case study reviewed conventional root canal treatment of a maxillary first premolar which unexpectedly had a single canal with two foramens. this tooth was recognized as the least frequent tooth appeared neither with additional canal nor unusual root anatomy. Retreatment for this casewas successfull through widening of the access cavity and the root canal. While trying the master cone, it revealed that the canal splitted and had two foramens. A thorough knowledge of the root canal anatomy as well as careful radiograph interpretations were essential in enhancing the root-cleaning procedure."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui frekuensi dan letak ramifikasi saluran akar yang ditemukan pada gigi molar. Penelitian ini menggunakan 56 gigi molar satu dan molar dua yang telah dicabut. Gigi-gigi ini terdiri dari 14 gigi molar satu rahang atas, 3 gigi molar dua rahang atas, 21 gigi molar satu rahang bawah dan 18 gigi molar dua rahang bawah.Metode : gigi direndam dalam larutan saline sampai saat percobaan. Dilakukan pembukaan akses dan preparasi dengan k-file sampai no. 15 kemudian saluran akar diirigasi dengan larutan NaOCl 2,5%. Setelah dikeringkan, gigi didekalsifikasi. Agar gigi terlihat bening gigi direndam dalam metil salisilat. Untuk mengidentifikasi ramifikasi, tinta cina diinjeksikan ke dalam sistem saluran akar. Masingmasing gigi diperiksa jumlah, tipe dan letak ramifikasi di bawah stereomikroskop.Hasil : Dari 56 gigi molar satu dan molar dua, 60,7% memiliki ramifikasi (46,4% saluran lateral; 10,7% apical ramifications dan 10,7% isthmus saluran akar). Sebanyak 50% ramifikasi terletak di 1/3 apikal dan 19,6% terletak di 1/3 tengah.Kesimpulan: Frekuensi ramifikasi saluran akar pada gigi molar satu dan molar dua cukup tinggi dan paling banyak terletak pada daerah 1/3 apikal."

"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak Biji Anggur EBA mengandung proanthosianidin PA yang berperan sebagai pengikat silang kolagen yang menentukan sifat mekanis dentin. Tujuan: menganalisis pengaruh EBA dengan kadar PA 2 9 terhadap kekerasan mikro dentin saluran akar. Metode: 50 gigi dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yang direndam larutan EBA larutan NaOCl 3 dan aquabides Dilakukan pengukuran nilai kekerasan mikro metode Vickers Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil: Nilai kekerasan mikro tertinggi pada kelompok EBA dan terendah kelompok NaOCl 3 Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai kekerasan mikro kelompok EBA 2 9 dan aquabides p 0 05. Kesimpulan: Larutan EBA dapat mempertahankan kekerasan mikro dentin saluran akar.

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Background: Grape Seed Extract GSE contains proanthosianidin PA as collagen cross linking agent that determine dentin mechanical properties.

Aim: To analyze GSE with 2 9 PA effect on root canal dentin microhardness.

Method: 50 teeth divided into 3 groups which immerse in GSE NaOCl 3 and aquabides Microhardness value measured with Vickers method Data analyze with Kruskal Wallis.

Result: The highest microhardness value on GSE group and the lowest on NaOCl group No significant difference in microhardness value of GSE group compared to aquabides group p 0 05.

Conclusion: GSE solution maintain microhardness value of root canal dentin."

"Objective: To investigate the phenotype and genotype of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients with periapical lesions.Methods: Eighte variations en adult male and female individuals suffering from primary endodontic infection, either with or without periapical lesions, were involved in this study. Root canal scraping and saliva were collected from each subject and used for bacterial quantitation using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enterococci were isolated using ChromAgar medium and then identified using both biochemical (Gram staining and catalase tests) and molecular biology (conventional PCR) methods. Gelatinase activity, polysaccharide capsul profile and mRNA ace expression level were determined using microbiological, biochemical and molecular biology approach, respectively. Genotype of E. faecalis was determined based on nucleotide sequence of ace and gelE genes analyzed using web-based 3730xl DNA Analyze software.Results: The results showed that except for its proportion, no significant difference was found in phenotypes (gelatinase activity and mRNA ace expression levels) and genotypes (polymorphism of Cps operon and variation of ace and gelE nucleotide sequences) of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients had or had no periapical lesions.Conclusion: It can be concluded that E. faecalis proportion had a role in the occurrence of periapical lesions in the primary endodontic patients, but not gelatinase activity, mRNA ace expression level, Cps operon polymorphism or ace and gelE nucleotide sequence variations."

"Tamarindus indica (tamarind) is an established traditional medicine. Pulpa tamarindorum includes vitamin C, protein, fat, glucose, citric acid, etc. Citric acid is a root canal irrigant and vitamin C an antioxidant. This study aimed to elucidate the cytotoxicity of 5% tamarind extract as a root canal irrigant to the cell line BHK-21. Eighteen cultures of cell line BHK-21 were divided into 2 groups. Sterile aquabidest was placed on the group 1 cultures (as control), and 5% tamarind extract was on the group 2, for 2.5 minutes each, and then the percentage of the living and dead cells were counted. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using independent t test to 0.05 limit of significance. The results showed 1% of dead cells in group 1 and 22% in group 2, and that there was a significant difference between the effect of 5% tamarind extract and that of sterile aquabidest (p<0.05). It was concluded that 5% tamarind extract is cytotoxic to the cell line BHK-21."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kebocoran melalui orifis pada teknik pengisian saluran akar secara kondensasi lateral (k.l) dan secara kondensasi lateral vertikal gutta-percha panas (k.l.v.g.p) menggunakan indikator penetrasi bakteri. Empat puluh delapan gigi anterior akar tunggal dan lurus dipreparasi secara step back. Untuk mendapatkan keseragaman, diameter foramen apikal ditembus dengan file no. 25 sesuai panjang gigi, kemudian panjang kerja dikurangi 1 mm. Preparasi dimulai dengan file no. 30 sampai didapat MAF no.50 dan file terakhir no. 70. Secara random 20 gigi eksperimen diisi dengan teknik kondensasi lateral dan 20 gigi eksperimen lainnya diisi secara teknik kondensasi lateral vertikal gutta-percha panas, sedang 8 gigi lainnya digunakan sebagai kelompok kontrol. Setelah sealer setting, panjang pengisian distandardisasi menjadi 10 mm menggunakan Gates glidden drill & Peeso reamer. Seluruh sampel dipasang dalam botol kaca 15 ml dengan dot silicone yang sudah disterilkan, pads dasar botol diisi dengan Phenol red + lactosa 3% sampai ujung apeks terendam kira-kira 1 mm, kemudian melalui orifis diteteskan 2 jenis mikro organisme rongga mulut dan saliva sintetis steril. Karena mikro organisme yang diteteskan merupakan jenis mikro organisme yang memproduksi asam, maka bila mikro organisme telah mencapai apeks akan merubah indikator phenol red dan lactosa 3% menjadi kuning. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan mencatat jumlah hari yang dibutuhkan oleh mikro organisme untuk melewati panjang standard pengisian sampai merubah indikator phenol red dan lactosa 3% menjadi kuning, dan data diuji secara statistik dengan uji Anova; p=0,05. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kebocoran antara teknik k.l dan k.l.v.g.p, tetapi secara deskriptif pengisian secara kondensasi lateral vertikal gutta-percha panas memberi waktu kebocoran lebih lama daripada teknik kondensasi lateral."

"Abfraction, a cervical non caries lesion which occur mostly as a result of traumatic occlusion, needs to be taken into consideration. The aim of this case study is to understand how to treat abfraction lesion. First the focus of treatment is only to endodontic case but pain was still existed after the root canal treatment and it revealed that there were abfraction lesion on the other 5 teeths. Treatment of those lesions consisted of filling with GIC cement and occlusal adjustment."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 46-50The necrosis tooth wilh incomplete formed roots and wide root canal should be treated by apexification. Gutta-percha combined with root canal sealer is widely used as an obturation material. The aim of this case report is to figure out that the use of customized gutta-percha in wide root canal to produce compact and hermetic filling."