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Abstrak :
Corrosion is one of some necessary field that must be concorned by maritime and ship industries in Indonesia. The phenomenon of corrosion should be more attended, because it makes much money lost unpredictly. Corrosion couldn,t be avoid because the process happens natyrally but corrosion must be controlled to minimize the negative effects, specially in economics technics and safety fields. One of some popular methods to control the corrosion process in cathodic protection methods, with sacrificial anode. This research observed the effectivity of znanode (type S-3) that is used to protect a kind of material as cathode. The cathode material is A grade of mild steels, a material that is commonly used for many sea water constructions espicially for ship building materials. The observation was taken in fluid laboratory, marine engineering departement, the faculty of marine engineering & science, Hang Tuah University Surabaya. The weigh of sacrificial anode and the cathode is 1:4. They are connected and immersed in a model vessel with 35%o salinity sea water as corrosion media. This research presents that the average weight lost of the sacrificial anode is 1.637% and the average weigh lost of the cathode is 0.170% in 16 weeks observation. The calculation predicted that the sacrificial anode will be lost 5.5% of the weight in a year.

Abstrak :
The purpose of this research was to find other material to be alloyed to aluminum which is cheap, not a dangerous compound, which can be carted as simple as possible and should be as far as possible found in Indonesia. Tin, zinc, and indium, are metals to be alloyed which were reported gave a better performance to aluminum sacrificial anode, although the latest mentioned is difficult to be found in Indonesia. The alloying was done by simple casting. The investigation started with alloying aluminum with 5% Zn , and tin added in varying weights from of 0.004, 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.04, 0.1, to 0.2 percent. The second was also 5% Zn and Indium in varying weights as from 0.004, 0.005, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, to 0.08 percent. Anode potential, cathodic protection potential, the capacity of anode, anode output, anode efficiency, the anode corrosion patron and induction time were points being investigated to know the anode performance, gained by immersed test in 3% sodium chloride solution. The efficiency of 77 % can be obtained from 5% Zn and 0,1 % Sn aluminum alloy and for comparison, 5% Zn and 0.05% indium aluminum alloy can reach an efficiency of 86 %. The Sn, Zn aluminum alloys, have an anode potential of -1.15 volt, cathodic protection potential -1,06 volt , capacity of 2558 A.h/kg, while the Indium, Zn aluminum alloy has -1.155 volt anode potential, capacity of 2543 Ah/kg , and anode out put of 4.76 ampere. During the immersion time Al-Zn-Sn alloys give more stable cathodic protection potential.

Abstrak :
Penelitian kali ini adalah berfokus terhadap pengaruh unsur logam tanah jarang Samarium Sm terhadap morofologi pada struktur mikro saat proses solidifkasi. Penambahan unsur Samarium sebesar 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 wt pada matriks Al-5Zn-0.5Si yang nantinya akan dilihat terhadap sifat dari mekanisme korosi yang terjadi dan efisiensi dari anoda korban Al-5Zn-0.5Si. Alumunium paduan pada penelitian ini akan mencapai sifat optimum jika dilihat dari struktur mikro pada konsentrasi 0.5 , tetapi bertolak belakang terhadap mekanisme korosi yang terjadi pada anoda korban. Dimana dengan semakin di tambahkannya unsur Samarium, morfologi dari butir akan semakin halus dan equixed, tetapi laju korosi pada anoda korban akan semakin menurun. Pengaruh DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry pada mikrostruktur terlihat dari bentuk presipitat yang hadir pada batas butir. Dengan penambahan unsur Samarium pada anoda korban Al-5Zn-0.5Si menghasilkan fasa yang terbentuk antara lain AlSiSm,Al2Si2Sm yang dapat mempengaruhi efisiensi dari anoda korban.

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The research is focused on the effect of rare earth Samarium Sm element on the microstructure morphology during the solidification proccess. The concentration of Samarium Sm addition are 0.1 0.3 0.5 wt on Al 5Zn 0.5Si matrix and corelated to the characteristic and mechanism of corrosion proccess in Al 5Zn 0.5Si sacrificial anode. In this research, Aluminium alloy will get the optimum addition if it seen from the microstructure at 0.5 wt addition, but it reverse to the corrosion mechanism on the sacrificial anode. The more and more addition of Samarium, the morphology of microstructure is finer and equixed, but the corrosion rate of the sacrificial anode decrease. The effect of Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC on the microstructure can be seen on the morphology of the presipitate. With the addition of the element Samarium on the sacrificial anode Al 5Zn 0.5Si produce phase formed are AlSiSm, Al2Si2Sm which may affect the efficiency of the sacrificial anode.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini yang berfokus pada pengaruh unsur logam tanah jarang cerium Ce terhadap fasa intermetalik yang terbentuk pada saat proses solidifikasi, dimana unsur cerium Ce ditambahkan sebesar 0.1; 0.3; dan 0.5 wt pada matriks paduan Al-5Zn-0.5Si. Penambahan unsur cerium Ce yang semakin banyak ,sesuai dengan urutannya, maka anoda korban akan semakin baik efisiensinya. Cerium Ce yang ditambahkan pada proses tersebut akan berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan Icorr yaitu 0.8x10-5, 1.3x10-5, 2.9x10-5 Volt, sebagai efisiensi anoda korban. Selain itu, penambahan cerium Ce yang semakin banyak akan membuat ukuran butir menjadi lebih kecil, yaitu 108.42, 97.14, 94.55 mm. Fasa intermetalik yang terbentuk dapat dilihat pada grafik yang dihasilkan dari pengujian DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry , dimana grafik tersebut menjelaskan adanya fasa AlCeSi2 Al Si dan Al2Zn2Ce yang dapat mempengaruhi efiensi anoda korban.

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The research is focusing on the influence of rare earth cerium Ce element on intermetallic phase that is formed on the solidification process, where cerium Ce is added on 0.1 0.3 and 0.5 wt level on Al 5Zn 0.5Si alloy as microstructure rsquo s grain refiner and precipitates rsquo refiner which will be formed on the solidification process. The more cerium Ce added gradually, the better sacrificial anode efficiency to be exposed to corrosion. The addition of more cerium Ce will make the grain size smaller from 108.42, 97.14, 94.55 mm. The added cerium Ce will be affected on the Icorr from 0.8x10 5, 1.3x10 5, 2.9x10 5 Volt, as sacrificial anode efficiency. The intermetallic phase formed can be seen in the graph generated from the DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry testing, which describes the presence of AlCeSi2 Al Si and Al2Zn2Ce phases that may affect the effectiveness of sacrificial anodes.

Abstrak :
Dilakukan survey resistivitas tanah per 1 (satu) kilometer sepanjang pipeline dengan menggunakan metode four pin mengggunakan alat soil box untuk mendapatkan data perancangan proteksi katodik. Dari perhitungan dengan metode masa dan metode arus listrik yang dikeluarkan diperoleh jumlah anoda magnesium dengan spesifikasi berat 14,5 Kg, penampang melintang 0.015 m² dan panjang 0.55 m pada setiap satu kilometer pipa dengan spacing 0.914 m. Berdasarkan referensi data pipa, lingkungan, spesifikasi anoda korban, spesifikasi material urug dan resistivitas tanah, perancangan jumlah anoda korban yang dipasang pada pipa dihitung. Pengecekan perlindungan proteksi katodik dilakukan dengan pengetesan potensial polarisasi dan perhitungan hambatan total dilapangan sehingga arus korosi dan laju korosinya dapat diperkirakan. Perbandingan dilakukan dengan menguji laju korosi material API 5L Grade B di laboratorium dengan alat potensiostat yang menggunakan metode polarisasi sehingga kriteria perlindungan berdasarkan standard NACE RP 0169 dapat diklarifikasi. Penelitian juga dikembangkan dengan melihat perilaku korosi material pipa dengan pengujian struktur mikro, mekanik dan komposisi kimia pada pipa baru dan yang pipa telah terkorosi (akibat alat uji potensiostat). Juga sebagai pembanding, sampel pipa gagal akibat korosi turut diuji struktur mikro dan komposisi kimianya. Data dari pengujian ini akan memberikan gambaran mengenai disain umur pipa yang dirancang untuk kondisi dengan tekanan dan temperatur tertentu. ......A survey of soil resistivity per 1 (one) kilometer along the pipeline using the four pin method of a soil box tool to obtain cathodic protection design data. From the calculation with the mass method and the electric current method that was released, the number of magnesium anodes with a weight specification of 14.5 Kg, a cross section of 0.015 m2 and a length of 0.55 m in per one kilometer pipeline with spacing of 0.914 m. Based on pipe data references, environment, sacrificial anode specifications, load material specifications and soil resistivity, the design of quantity scarifical anodes installed on the pipe is calculated. Checking cathodic protection protection is done by testing the potential of polarization and calculating the total resistance in the field so that the corrosion current and the corrosion rate can be estimated. Comparison was carried out by testing the corrosion rate of API 5L Grade B material in the laboratory with a potentiostat device using the polarization method so that the protection criteria based on the NACE standard of Rp. 0169 could be verified. Research was also developed by looking at the corrosion behavior of pipe material by testing the microstructure, mechanics and chemical composition of the new pipe and the pipe has been corroded (due to the potentiostat test equipment). Also as a comparison, the defect pipe samples due to corrosion were tested for microstructure and chemical composition. Data from this test will provide an overview of the design life of pipes designed for conditions with certain pressure and temperature.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Anoda korban Al-Zn-In adalah paduan yang paling umum digunakan untuk memproteksi struktur terutama baja di lingkungan air laut dari korosi. Akan tetapi, paduan ini memiliki potensial yang sangat negatif sehingga bisa memicu terjadinya hydrogen embrittlement atau stress corrosion cracking (SCC) pada struktur baja. Dengan menurunkan potensial yang diaplikasikan pada struktur dalam range sekitar -0.80V sampai -0.85V vs SCE akan menurunkan jumlah hidrogen bebas yang bisa memicu terjadinya SCC. Dua macam unsur paduan ditambahkan untuk mengurangi keelektronegativan potensial dari paduan Al-5Zn. Unsur-unsur tersebut adalah tembaga dan silikon dengan variasi komposisi 0.5wt% dan 1wt%. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memilih unsur paduan yang lebih baik yang mendekati kriteria anoda korban aluminium bertegangan rendah yang dibutuhkan. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscoy (EIS), Cyclic Polarization, dan pengukuran potensial sistem digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi paduan baru dari anoda korban aluminium bertegangan rendah. Berdasarkan pengujian-pengujian diatas, paduan Al-5Zn-1Cu adalah paduan yang paling efektif untuk memproteksi baja dengan nilai potensial baja setelah di coupling dengan paduan tersebut adalah -0.81V vs SCE dan nilai Rctnya terkecil dari semua paduan yaitu 1,12 kΩ yang menandakan transfer muatan antar logam dan elektrolit lebih mudah terjadi.

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ABSTRACT Al-Zn-In sacrificial anode is commonly used to protect structure especially steel in seawater from general corrosion or galvanic corrosion. However, this alloy is too electronegative and can induce hydrogen embrittlement or SCC in steel. Decreasing the applied potential to the structure in suitable range around -0.80 V until -0.85V vs SCE can reduce the amount of free hydrogen that can make SCC. Two kind of alloying element are added to reduce the electronegative potential of Al-5Zn alloy. Those elements are copper and silicon with the amount of addition is 0.5wt% and 1wt%. This research was trying to select the best alloying that close to the determine requirements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic polarization, and system potential measurements were used to characterize new alloy aluminium sacrificial anode low voltage. Among those various alloy tested, Al-5Zn-1Cu is the most proper result of the new low voltage aluminium sacrificial anode because the Rct was smallest (1,12kΩ) and the potential of steel after coupling with Al-5Zn-1Cu was -0.811V vs SCE. These potential is the closest one with the require potential for low voltage aluminium sacrificial anode.

Abstrak :
Pengaruh logam tanah jarang erbium sebagai unsur paduan Al-5Zn-0,5Cu dengan kadar 0wt, 0,1wt, 0,3wt dan 0,5wt diteliti dengan menggunakan OES, DSC, OM, dan polarisasi siklik. OES dilakukan untuk melihat komposisi kimia dari paduan. Pengujian DSC dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan fasa dan proses solidifikasi fasa intermetalik.Pengamatan OM dilakukan untuk melihat ukuran butir dan presipitat yang terbentuk. Polarisasi siklik dilakukan untuk mengetahui perilaku korosi dari paduan. Unsur Erbium pada paduan Al-5Zn-0,5Cu-xEr membentuk presipitat yang dapat menghaluskan butir meingkatkan perilaku korosi dari material. Potensial breakdown atau Eb pada paduan cenderung menurun seiring penambahan unsur erbium, potensial breakdown terendah adalah sampel Al-5Zn-0,5Cu-0,3Er sebesar -0.89 V vs Ag/AgCl. Penambahan unsur erbium dengan kadar yang semakin besar semakin menurunkan potensial paduan menjadi semakin anodik sampai dengan -0,78 V vs SCE sehingga masih dalam batas aman untuk memproteksi baja berkekuatan tinggi.

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The effect of addition of 0wt , 0.1wt, 0.3wt and 0.5wt erbium rare earth on Al 5Zn 0,5Cu alloy was investigated with Optical emission Specstroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC and Cyclic Polarization, complemented with Optical Microscope OM. Observation with OM was coundcuted to see the changes of the grain size and the precipitate formation. DSC was used to identify the phase transformation and solidification process of intermetallic phase. Cyclic polarization was used to know the corrosion characteristics of Al 5Zn 0,5Cu xSm. The presence of erbium formed precipitates on the grain boundary which made finer grain microstructure and enhance activation of corrosion. Breakdown potential tend to decrease as the increase of erbium content the lowest breakdown potential on this study is Al 5Zn 0,5Cu 0,3Er 0.89 V vs Ag AgCl. Addition of erbium accelerate corrosion rate by making the alloy more anodic. Potential coupling with steel structure is 0,78 V vs SCE, still safe to protect High Strength Steel material.

Abstrak :
Pengaruh unsur logam tanah jarang neodimium terhadap paduan Al-5Zn-0,5Cu diteliti dengan pengamatan mikrostruktur menggunakan mikroskop optik, pengujian Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC, dan polarisasi siklik. Kadar samarium yang digunakan sebagai variabel adalah 0,1wt, 0,3wt, dan 0,5wt. Pengamatan mikrostruktur dilakukan untuk melihat perubahan ukuran SDAS dan pembentukan presipitat. DSC dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi transformasi fasa dan proses solidifikasi fasa intermetalik. Polarisasi siklik dilakukan untuk mengetahui perilaku korosi anoda korban Al-5Zn-0,5Cu-xNd. Kehadiran unsur neodimium dapat memodifikasi bentuk presipitat pada batas butir dan memperpendek panjang SDAS. Penambahan unsur neodimium ke dalam anoda korban Al-5Zn-0,5Cu dapat menurunkan ketahanan korosi sumuran. Selain itu, penambahan neodimium sebanyak 0,1 wt, 0,3 wt, dan 0,5 wt menurunkan potensial coupling baja dari -0,661 V vs SSC menjadi masing-masing -0,884 V vs SSC, -0,754 vs SSC, dan -0,771 V vs SSC.

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The effect of addition of neodymium rare earth on Al 5Zn 0.5Cu alloy was investigated with Optical Microscope OM, Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC, and Cyclic Polarization. The content variable of neodymium tested was 0.1wt, 0.3wt, dan 0.5wt. Observation with OM was conducted to see the changes of the SDAS and the precipitate formation. DSC was used to identify the phase transformation and solidification process of intermetallic phase. Cyclic Polarization was used to know the corrosion characteristics of Al 5Zn 0.5Cu xNd. The presence of neodymium formed precipitates on the grain boundary which made shorter SDAS. Addition of neodymium as alloying element of Al 5Zn 0.5Cu sacrificial anode may decrease pitting corrosion resistance. In addition, 0.1wt , 0.3wt , dan 0.5wt of neodymium in Al 5Zn 0.5Cu decrease the coupling potential of steel from 0,661 V vs SSC to 0,884 V vs SSC, 0,754 V vs SSC, and 0,771 V vs SSC, respectively.

Abstrak :
Anoda korban paduan Aluminium yang umum digunakan berpotensi memicu terjadinya Stress Corrosion Cracking dan Hydrogen Embrittlement pada struktur yang diproteksi. Anoda korban potensial rendah Low Voltage Sacrificial Anode dengan potensial dibawah -800 mV vs Ag/AgCl dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Karakteristik paduan Al-5Zn-0,5Cu dengan variasi penambahan Samarium 0,02 wt , 0,1 wt , 0,3 wt , dan 0,5 wt diteliti pada penelitian ini. Paduan Al-5Zn-0,02In yang umum digunakan juga turut diuji sebagai pembanding. Pengujian efisiensi anoda dengan metode kehilangan berat sesuai standar DNVGL-RP-B401 dan pengujian Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS dilakukan untuk mengetahui performa dan karakteristik korosi anoda korban paduan Al-5Zn-0,5Cu-xSm. Penambahan unsur Samarium dengan kadar 0,1 wt menunjukan performa anoda korban yang paling baik dengan kapasitas elektrokimia 2809,80 Ah/kg dan efisiensi 98. ......Commonly used Aluminum alloy sacrificial anodes have the potential to trigger the occurrence of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement on a protected structure. Low Voltage Sacrificial Anode with potential under 800 mV vs. Ag AgCl was developed to overcome this problem. Electrochemical behaviour of Al 5Zn 0,5Cu alloy with variations of Samarium addition of 0.02 wt , 0.1 wt , 0.3 wt , and 0.5 wt were investigated in this study. The commonly used Al 5Zn 0.02In alloy is also tested as a comparison. Anode efficiency test with weight loss method according to DNVGL RP B401 standard and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS testing was performed to determine the performance and corrosion characteristics of Al 5Zn 0,5Cu xSm alloy. The addition of Samarium element with 0.1 wt content shows the best anode performance with electrochemical capacity 2809,80 Ah kg and 98 efficiency.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pengaruh unsur logam tanah jarang samarium terhadap paduan Al-5Zn-0,5Si diteliti dengan pengamatan Optical Microscope OM , Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS dan Uji Efisiensi Anoda Korban. Kadar samarium yang diteliti adalah 0,02wt , 0,1wt , 0,3wt dan 0,5wt . Pengamatan OM dilakukan untuk mengetahui morfologi dari presipitat yang terbentuk dan identifikasi kehadiran unsur-unsur yang ada pada permukaan. EIS dilakukan untuk mengetahui mekanisme korosi dari anoda korban dan uji efisiensi dilakukan mengetahui efisiensi kerja anoda korban. Kehadiran unsur samarium membentuk presipitat pada batas butir yang membuat butir-butir pada mikrostruktur menjadi lebih halus. Presipitat yang terbentuk merusak lapisan pasif aluminium pada permukaan paduan dan mempercepat laju korosi dengan membuat paduan menjadi lebih anodik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan semakin banyak samarium yang ditambahkan maka efisiensi dari anoda korban akan meningkat dan terjadi penurunan pada penambahan samarium sebesar 0,1wt .

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ABSTRACT<>br> The effect of rare earth metal element of samarium on Al 5Zn 0,5Si alloy was studied by observation of Optical Microscope OM , Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS and Sacrificial Anode Efficiency Test. The samarium levels studied were 0.02wt , 0.1wt , 0.3wt and 0.5wt . Observation with OM was coundcuted to see the changes of the grain size and the precipitate formation. The EIS is performed to determine the corrosion mechanism of the sacrificial anode and the efficiency test is performed to determine the working efficiency of the sacrificial anode. The presence of samarium formed precipitates on the grain boundary which made finer grain microstructure. The formed precipitates impair the aluminium oxide film on the alloy surface and accelerate corrosion rate by making the alloy more anodic. The result show that, with the increasing Sm content in the alloy, the efficiency of sacrificial anode will increase, but it will decrease with addition 0,1wt samarium.