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"Skeletal muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells, participate in postnatal skeletal muscle growth, regeneration, and hypertrophy. They are quiescent in the resting state, but are activated after muscle injury, and subsequently replicate and fuse into existing myofibers. The behavior of satellite cells during muscle regeneration is regulated by extrinsic factors, such as the extracellular matrix, mechanical stimuli, and soluble factors. Myokines, muscle-derived secretory factors, are important regulators of satellite cell activation, proliferation, and differen¬tiation. It is well known that muscle injury induces the release of various growth factors from myofibers, and these growth factors affect satellite cells. It has recently been shown that myokines secreted from myofibers without cell damage also regulate satellite cell functions. Here, we summarize myokines with known roles in the regulation of satellite cells and the mechanism underlying this regulatory process."

"Excessive hepatocyte apoptosis induced by bile acid accumulation occurred in severe obstructive jaundice, and impair the liver secretion function. The objective of this study is to determine whether the inhibition of bile acid accumulation through bile duct decompression affect the excessive hepatocyte apoptosis and caused improvement the liver secretion functions on human model. In this study we use a before and after study on severe obstructive jaundice patients due to extra hepatic bile duct tumor was decompressed. Bile duct decompression was performed as a model of the role ofinhibition of bile acid accumulation inhibition bile acid accumulation and excessive hepatocyte apoptosis. Bile acid and marker of liver secretion functions were serially measured. Liver biopsy pre and post decompression was performed for Hepatocyte apoptosis pathologic examination by TUNEL fluorescing, which measured by 2 people in double blinded system. Total bile acid, and liver secretion functions were measured by automated chemistry analyzer. The result ofthis study shows that twenty one severe obstructive jaundice patients were included. After decompression the hepatocyte apoptosis index decreased from an average of 53.1 (SD 105) to 11.7 (SD 13.6) (p < 0.05). Average of bile acid serum decreased from 96.4 (SD 53.8) to 19.9 (SD 39.5) until 13.0 (SD 12.6) μmol/L (p < 0.05) Total bilirubin decreased from 20.0 (SD 8.9) to 13.3 (SD 5.0) until 6.2 (SD 4.0) mg/dL (p < 0.05), while the phosphates alkaline (ALP) and γ-glutamil transpeptidase (γ-GT) activities also decreased significantly. In conclusion, bile acids accumulation and excessive hepatocyte apoptosis through bile duct decompression improve the liver secretion functions by inhibition mechanism."

"Latar belakang : Kelenjar eksoktin pankreas mensekresikan amilase, protease dan lipase yang disimpan dalam bentuk granula zimogen pada bagian apikal sel asinus pankreas. Regulasi sekresi setiap enzim pencernaan diduga diatur tersendiri. Hal ini menyiratkan dugaan bahwa dalam satu granula zimogen mengandung satu jenis enzim, namun belum ada penelitian yang mengungkapkannya. Penetitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola sekresi granula zimogen yang berbeda pada pemberian karbohidrat, protein, dan lemak. Bahan dan cara kerja : 30 ekor tikus Wistar jantan dibagi dalam 5 kelompok, yaitu: kelompok I (kontrol), kelompok II (sukrosa), kelompok III (putih telur), kelompok IV (minyak jagung), dan kelompok V (campuran ketiganya). Hewan coba dicekok makanan yang sesuai 3x sehari selama 1 hari untuk adaptasi pankreas. Hewan kontrol diberi pellet ad libitum masing-masing selama 1 jam sebanyak 3 kali. Pada saat perlakuan, hewan coba dicekok 1 x dan hewan kontroi dipuasakan. Setelah 7 jam keduanya dibedah dan diambil pankreasnya lalu dibuat sediaan histotogi dengan pulasan Gomori's krom alum hematoksilin floksin. Asinus pankreas diamati dibawah mikroskop dan diukur diameter apikobasal dan laterolateral sel asinus serta diameter asinusnya. Data yang diperoleh diuji homogenitasnya dengan uji Levene dan uji anova same multiple comparison untuk menguji perbedaan diameter apikobasal, dan diameter asinus antar perlakuan sedangkan untuk menguji perbedaan diameter laterolateral antar perlakuan ditakukan uji nonparametrik Kruskat Wallis dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann Withney.Hasil dan kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p <0,01) diameter apikobasal, laterolaterat set dan diameter asinus pankreas tikus kontrol dengan yang dicekok sukrosa dan minyak jagung. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sekresi enzim pencernaan dipengaruhi oleh diet. Ada perbedaan yang bermakna (p < 0,01) diameter apikobasal dan diameter asinus antara tikus yang dicekok sukrosa dengan tikus yang dicekok putih telur, tetapi tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna (p > 0,01) diameter apikobasal, taterolaterat sel asinus dan diameter asinus pada tikus kontrol dibandingkan dengan tikus yang dicekok putih telur dan campuran dan antara tikus yang dicekok sukrosa dengan tikus yang dicekok campuran. Hal ini terjadi karena pengaruh protease inhibitor yang meningkatkan sintesis protease dan amilase. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian lemak (minyak jagung) mengakibatkan sekresi lebih banyak granula zimogen yang mengandung lipase, dibandingkan dengan pemberian karbohidrat, protein, dan campuran ketiganya. Sedangkan protease inhibitor yang terdapat di dalam putih telur diduga meningkatkan produksi protease dan amilase dan menstimutasi pembentukan granula zimogen yang hanya mengandung tripsinogen, kimotripsinogen dan amilase. Hal ini membawa dugaan bahwa satu granula zimogen hanya mengandung satu jenis enzim saja.

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Background: The pancreatic exocrine gland secretes amylase, protease and lipase, which are stored in the form of zymogen granules at apical site of pancreatic acinl cell. The secretion of each digestive enzyme is thought to regulate in different manner. It is assumed that one zymogen granule contains only one specific enzyme. But until now, there is no supporting data explaining about that. The aim of this study is to observe the secretory pattern of zymogen granules as a reaction of carbohydrate, protein and fat administration. Method of investigation: 30 male Wistar rats were used and divided in 5 groups: group ((control), II (sucrose), Ill (white part of egg), IV (corn oil), V (mixed of sucrose, white part of egg and corn oil). In adaptation stage of pancreas, the experimental rats were administered with appropriate food 3 times daily for one day while control rats were administered with pellet ad libitum 3 times daily for hour each. On the day of experiment, the experimental rats were administered with the appropriate food land the control rats were fasted. After 7 hour, all of the rats were sacrified and pancreatic glands were isolated. The pancreatic glands were processed for histological slides and were stained with Gomori's Chrome Alum Hematoxiliin Phioxine. The pancreatic glands were examined under light microscope. The diameter of apicobasal, laterolateral and acinus from acini cells were measured. The data than were tested with Levene's homogeneity test, anova test and multiple comparison to analyze the difference in apicobasal and acini diameter between groups. Laterolateral diameter was tested with Kruskat Wallis nonparametric test and Mann Wdhney test to analyze the difference in laterolateral diameter between groups.

Result and conclusion: there were significant differences (p<0.01) in apicobasal, lateroteral cells and pancreatic acinus diameter between control rats and sucrose administration rat and corn oil administration rat. The result showed that the digestive enzyme secretion are influenced by the diet. There were significant differences (p < 0.01) in apicobasat cells and acinus diameters between sucrose administration rat and white part of egg administration rat, but there were no significant differences (p > 0.01) in apicobasal, laterolateral cells and pancreatic acinus between white part of egg administration rat and mixture food administration rat; and between sucrose administration rat and mixture food administration rat. These results might be occurred due to the presence of protease inhibitor, which increased the synthesis of protease and amylase. We concluded that the administration of fat (corn oil) would cause higher secretion of zymogen granules which contain the lipase than the administration of carbohydrate, protein and mix of the aboves. it assumed that the protein inhibitor in white part of egg increase the production of protease and amylase and resulting the formation of zymogen granules which contain only trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen or amylase enzymes. The results of our experiment suggested that one zymogen granule may contain only one specific enzyme."

"Kemampuan makan dan menelan pada anak bersifat dinamis sejalan dengan proses tumbuh kembang anak. Struktur anatomi mengalami pertumbuhan yang selanjutnya berdampak pada kematangan fungsi menelan. Gangguan pada proses menelan menyebabkan disfagia. Tesis ini membahas mengenai gambaran proses menelan pada anak dengan kecurigaan disfagia, dengan menggunakan pemeriksaan menelan dengan endoskopi serat optik lentur, serta menilai karakteristik percontoh berdasarkan usia, masa kehamilan, pengasuh, gejala, komplikasi serta kelainan medis. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang dengan desain deskriptif pada 54 subyek yang diambil secara berurutan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan prevalensi disfagia pada anak dengan kecurigaan kesulitan makan sebesar 63 . Gejala disfagia pada anak le; 6 bulan yang paling sering adalah apnea saat menyusu 7/34 . Sedangkan pada anak > 6 bulan adalah postur tubuh terganggu 10/34 , mengeces berlebih 6/34 , dan batuk saat makan 8/34 . Kelainan medis yang mendasari adalah kelainan struktural 25/34 , kelainan jantung / paru / laring 24/34 , dan kelainan neurologis 23/34 . Komplikasi yang terjadi adalah PRGE 12/34 , gagal tumbuh 10/34 , dan pneumonia aspirasi 3/34 . Pada pemeriksaan FEES didapatkan standing secretion 22/34 dan pergerakan lidah terganggu 20/34 adalah tanda yang sering ditemukan pada anak disfagia; dan residu sering terjadi pada konsistensi tim kasar 44,7 , penetrasi pada konsistensi air 44,2 , serta aspirasi pada konsistensi susu 34,8 .Kata kunci: aspirasi, disfagia, pemeriksaan menelan dengan endoskopi serat optik lentur, penetrasi, residu, sekret yang terkumpul di hipofaring.

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Eating and swallowing ability in Children had dynamic characteristic and closely related with growth process in themselves. The anatomical structure underwent growth process, therefore had impact in the maturity of swallowing ability. Disruption of swallowing process may caused dysphagia. This study use Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing FEES and also assessed the characteristics of the subjects based on age, gestation age, caregivers, symptom, complication, and medical disorder. This study is a descriptive cross sectional design involving 54 subjects with consecutive sampling. The result of this study are prevalence of dysphagia is 63 in children with dysphagia suspicion. Dysphagia symptom in children 6 months, apnea while bottle breast feeding 7 34 . Meanwhile, in children 6 months, postural impairment 10 34 , drooling 6 34 , and cough while eating 8 34 . Underlying disease are structural anomaly 5 34 , cardiopulmonary larynx disorder 24 34 and neurological disorder 23 43 . The complication are GERD 12 34 , failure to thrive 10 34 , and aspiration pneumonia 3 34 . In FESS examination, standing secretion 22 34 and impaired tongue movement 20 34 are sign for dysphagia, and residue is more common in gastric rice consistency 44,7 while penetration in thin liquid 44,2 and aspirations is more common in thick liquid 34,8."

"Hasil penelitian terdahulu memperlihatkan bahwa pada perokok.dengan bronkitis kronis dan Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK) terdapat hipersekresi mukus dan hiperplasia sel goblet pada saluran napas. Beberapa penelitian lain juga mengesankan bahwa faktor utama yang menyebabkan hiperplasia sel goblet adalah pajanan asap rokok pada paru secara konis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah hiperplasia sel goblet akibat asap rokok terjadi juga pada keadaan akut. Pada penelitian ini digunakan sampel sebanyak 20 ekor tikus dewasa jantan dari galur Swiss Webster dengan berat badan 250 -- 300 gram yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok perlakuan diberi paparan asap rokok sebanyak 5 batang perhari selama 20 menit (kecuali hari Minggu) selama 12 minggu.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah sel goblet antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan ( p< 0,025) . lni berarti bahwa terjadi hiperplasia sel goblet akibat asap rokok. Hasil ini diperkuat oleh pemeriksaan penunjang Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) untuk radikal bebas dalam darah tikus perlakuan yang menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan (p<0,025 ).Acute Effects of Kretek Cigarette Smoke on Goblet Cell Hyperplasia in the Airway of Swiss Webster RatsPrevious investigations have shown that in smokers with chronic bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) hyper secretion of mucus and goblet cell hyperplasia at the respiratory tract is present. A number of other investigations suggest that the main factor causing goblet cell hyperplasia is chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. The aim of this investigation is to find out whether goblet cell hyperplasia due to cigarette smoke also occurs in the acute state. In this investigation a sample of 20 adult male rats weighing 250 -- 300 g was used, divided into a treated group and control group. Each animal in the treated group was exposed daily for 20 minute to 5 the smoke of cigarettes for 12 weeks (except on Sunday).

The result of the investigation showed that there was a significant difference in the number of goblet cell between the control and the treated group (p value < 0,025), indicating the occurrence of goblet cell hyperplasia due to cigarette smoke. This result was confirmed by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) tests for free radical concentration in blood (p value < 0,025)."