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Abstrak :
This topical collection of chapters examines secular society and the legal protection of religion and belief across Europe, both in general and more nation-specific terms. The expectations of many that religion in modern Europe would be swept away by the powerful current of secularization have not been realised, and today few topics generate more controversy than the complex relationship between religious and secular values. The 'religious/​secular' relationship is examined in this book, which brings together scholars from different parts of Europe and beyond to provide insights into the methods by which religion and equivalent beliefs have been, and continue to be, protected in the legal systems and constitutions of European nations. The contributors' chapters reveal that the oft-tumultuous legacy of Europe's relationship with religion still resonates across a continent where legal, political and social contours have been powerfully shaped by faith and religious difference. Covering recent controversies such as the Islamic headscarf, and the presence of the crucifix in school class-rooms, this book will appeal to academics and students in law, human rights and the social sciences, as well as law and policy makers and NGOs in the field of human rights

Abstrak :
Aceh conflict is widely recognized as one of the most protracted and violent conflicts not only in Southeast Asia, but also in the globe. This study intends to look at the secessionist conflict from he social movement perspective, and specifically from the theoretical instrument of framing process. This study goes a little further by getting engaged with the strategic issue of Islam in the region. In lieu of commonly adopted macro and structural analysis of the conflict, this study methodologically instead applies micro and dynamic analysis of the conflict. In general, this study primarily argues that the framing strategy adopted by Free Aceh Movement (GAM) is clearly secular in nature, and/or far away from the Islam-nuanced religiosity and spirit. However; Islam is often exploited particularly for mass mobilization. The movement"s framing strategy mainly includes natural resources exploitation, ethnic-nationalist vision, universal value of self-determination, the history of Aceh Kingdom and human right violation.

Abstrak :
Arab Spring yang bermula di Tunisia merupakan awal baru bagi Tunisia melepaskan diri dari pemerintahan diktaktor di bawah rezim Ben Ali. Revolusi ini melambungkan nama seorang sosok Rachid Ghannouchi yang dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai perannya dalam masa transisi demokrasi di Tunisia pasca Arab Spring. Tujuan penilitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sosok Rachid Ghannouchi dan perannya dalam transisi demokrasi di Tunisia pasca Arab Spring. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dua jenis. Pertama, pengumpulan data primer melalui wawancara tidak langsung, selain wawancara data primer didapat dari buku-buku karya Rachid Ghannouchi. Kedua, pengumpulan data sekunder diperoleh melalui beberapa kajian pustaka salah satunya buku, penelitian terdahulu, artikel, jurnal dan informasi dari media elektronik. Penelitian ini menerapkan teori kepemimpinan dan teori peran yang digunakan untuk menganalisa siapa sosok Rachid Ghannouchi dan perannya pasca Arab Spring. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan didapat hasil berupa Rachid Ghannouchi memiliki peran dalam menjembatani pihak sekularis dan islamis di Tunisia pada masa transisi demokrasi pasca Arab Spring. Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini bisa menjawab permasalahan dan hasilnya bisa dijadikan acuan atau literasi dalam aktivitas akademik. ...... The Arab Spring which began in Tunisia is a new movement for Tunisia to break away from the dictatorial government under Ben Ali's regime. This revolution catapulted the name of a figure of Rachid Ghannouchi, who in this study will discuss his role in the transition period of democracy in Tunisia after the Arab Spring. The purpose of this study was to find out the figure of Rachid Ghannouchi and his role in the transition to democracy in Tunisia after the Arab Spring. Ellipsis data collection is done in two types. First, primary data collection was obtained through indirect interviews and several books by Rachid Ghannouchi. Second, secondary data collection was obtained through several literature studies, such as books, previous research, articles, journals and information from electronic media. The researcher used the theory of the leadership and the role theory used to analyze who the figure of Rachid Ghannouchi and his role after the Arab Spring. Based on the research conducted, the results obtained in the form of Rachid Ghannouchi have a role in bridging secularists and Islamists in Tunisia during the democratic transition period after the Arab Spring. So the purpose of this study can answer the problem and the results can be used as a reference or literacy in academic activities.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tulisan ini menganalisis Laicite sebagai salah satu manifestasi nilai-nilai sekularisme di Prancis dan dampaknya terhadap komunitas Muslim di Prancis ketika Laicite diimplementasikan dalam berbagai bentuk kebijakan dan aturan formal. Argumen utama penulis adalah Laicite merupakan bentuk Cultural Defense Prancis terhadap nilai-nilai yang dianggap bertentangan dengan apa yang telah dimaknai dan diyakini Prancis pasca Revolusi Prancis. Pertama, penulis mengulas Laicite sebagai landasan normatif dan gambaran tentang komunitas Muslim di Prancis. Kedua, penulis mengelaborasi bagaimana Prancis memaknai dan menerapkan Laicite sebagai Cultural Defense yang diawali dengan menciptakan sebuah Cultural Hegemony. Ketiga, penulis menjelaskan implikasi mdash;sosial, politik, budaya, ekonomi, dan hukum mdash;penerapan Laicite yang dialami oleh kaum minoritas imigran muslim Prancis. Penulis menggunakan Historical Representation dibantu dengan wawancara terbatas sebagai metode penelitian. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada kajian transnasional dalam ilmu hubungan internasional.

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ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes Laicite as one of the manifestations of secularism in France and its impact on the Muslim community in France when Laicite is implemented in various forms of formal policies and rules. The author 39 s main argument is Laicite is a form of French Cultural Defense against values that are considered contrary to what has been interpreted and believed in France after the French Revolution. First, the author reviews Laicite as the normative foundation and description of the Muslim community in France. Secondly, the author elaborates on how the French interpreted and applied Laicite as Cultural Defense which began by promoting the concept of Cultural Hegemony. Thirdly, the authors explains the social, political, cultural, and legal implications of the Laicite application experienced by a minority of French Muslim immigrants. The author uses Historical Representation assisted by a limited interview as a research method. This research is expected to contribute to transnational studies in the discipline of international relations.

Abstrak :
Europe’s mythical origins lie in Zeus’ abduction of the Asian princess Europa. Down the real centuries, Asia has played a crucial role in the making of Europe — as an object of Orientalist fantasy and colonial desire, but also of the spread of the liberating values and humane letters associated with the continent. In this book, a lifelong admirer of Europe casts a critical yet loving eye on the continent to ask what it means to him. The book revolves around a series of personal encounters.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini menganalisis gerakan Ni Putes Ni Soumises (NPNS) yang bertahan dari 2003 hingga 2020 melalui kacamata ideologi gender dan sekularisme. NPNS merupakan gerakan berbasis ideologi gender yang berumur panjang dalam memperjuangkan kepentingan politik perempuan migran melawan ideologi fundamentalis yang represif di komunitas banlieue. Selama lebih dari satu dekade, NPNS telah menjadi gerakan yang signifikan dalam lanskap sekularisme Prancis. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini ingin mengungkap alasan perkembangan dan kebertahanan NPNS sebagai gerakan ideologi gender yang signifikan di Prancis. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi pustaka, penelitian ini menerapkan teori Butler dan Lauretis tentang ideologi gender, serta konsep Aparatus Negara (State Apparatuses) milik Althusser, untuk menganalisis dinamika NPNS melalui tiga periode: kebangkitan, kejayaan, dan masa bertahan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebertahanan NPNS disebabkan oleh dukungan negara secara politis dan materi melalui penentangan gerakan terhadap dominasi budaya patriarki laki-laki Muslim banlieue, yang sejalan dengan ideologi sekuler Prancis. Selain itu, peran signifikan NPNS sebagai ruang aman bagi perempuan migran yang menjadi korban kekerasan berbasis gender memicu dukungan dari masyarakat yang turut berkontribusi atas bertahannya NPNS. ......This research analyzes the Ni Putes Ni Soumises (NPNS) movement that lasted from 2003 to 2020 through the lens of gender ideology and secularism. NPNS is a long-term gender ideology-based movement that fights for migrant women's political interests against repressive fundamentalist ideologies in banlieue communities. For more than a decade, the NPNS has been a significant movement in the French secularism landscape. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the reasons for the development and survival of the NPNS as a significant gender ideology movement in France. Using qualitative approach with literature studies methodology, this research applies Butler and Lauretis' theories on gender ideology, as well as Althusser's concept of State Apparatuses, to analyze the dynamics of NPNS through three periods: the rise, the triumph, and the defensive stage. This research findings show that the longevity of the NPNS is due to political and material state support through the stance of the movement against the dominance of the banlieue's Muslim male patriarchal culture, which is aligned with French secular ideology. In addition, the significant role of NPNS as a safe space for migrant women who are victims of gender-based violence triggers support from the community, which contributes to the longevity of NPNS.

Abstrak :
The revival of religion in many parts of the world and the migration of religious cultures as part of the process of globalization have posed a serious challenge to traditional constitutional secularism. This challenge comes in the form of a political and institutional struggle against secular constitutionalism, and a two pronged assault on the very legitimacy and viability of the concept. On the one hand, constitutional secularism has been attacked as inherently hostile rather than neutral toward religion; and, on the other hand, constitutional secularism has been criticized as inevitably favouring one religion (or set of religions) over others.

Abstrak :
Encountering Islam: The Politics of Religious Identities in Southeast Asia, edited by Hui Yew-Foong, may not frame the culture-wars debate among Muslims in the region, but the book's three chapters on Islam in Indonesia can be more easily understood if read from the differing perspectives of the conservative-liberal political spectrum (Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies).

Abstrak :
Modernity, which emphasizes the relegation of religion firmly to an individuals private life, is a challenging idea for any culture. In India it faces a particularly unusual problem: the persistence of numerous traditional and religious practices means that religion and modernity co-habit here in a complex, plural, transient, and historically evolving relationship. Religion and Modernity in India explores this complex relationship through a series of case studies on the quotidian experiences of people practising a variety of religions. It presents the dynamically interacting textures of society engaging with modernity in divergent ways, both historically and in contemporary times. The essays in this collection consciously bring in the idea of inclusivity by factoring in the small and local contexts. They raise important questions about marginality and sexuality, and discuss the oral and cultural traditions of both mainstream and marginal communities such as tribal communities and women. In doing so, they put forward the perspectives of groups that represent difference but at the same time are linked to a larger whole.