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"AbstrakIndonesia security setor reform (SSR) Effort has produced some fruitful outcomest, nameli the anolishment of the indonesia millitary direct participation in politicts, separation of the police force from the armed forces and the revocarion of the dual function doctrin, to name a few. yet since the ratification of law on indonesia military in 2004. additional efforts of ssr have ben thrown into the backburner. since 2004, attempts to profesionalise the military have been focusing on arms modernisation and improvement of military personnel welfare such as increased training and educational opportunities, as well as housing allocation for military personnel instead of addresing several unfiished reform agendas, namely the subordination of the tni under the ministry of defence , territorial command reform and military secondment to non military affairs/posts, among others. this article attempts to analyse how western developed ssr policy intiatives were introduced in indonesia and how the ssr agendas were eventually neglected.finally, this article will reflect on the lessons learned from the introduction of ssr concept in indonesia to understand its trajectory"

"Reformasi sektor keamanan menjadi fokus penting bagi pembangunan jangka panjang Timor-Leste. Tulisan ini mengeksplorasi tantangan kegagalan PBB dalam menginisiasi SSR di Timor-Leste periode 2000-2006. UNTAET dengan mandat yang luas menginisiasi proses SSR di Timor-Leste pada awal mandatnya. Pembentukan sektor keamanan menjadi bagian penting yang harus dikerjakan, termasuk pembentukan institusi pertahanan dan keamanan. Misi berikutnya UNMISET juga dibekali dengan mandat eksekutif terhadap PNTL. Sayangnya dengan mandat yang luas, PBB gagal dalam menciptakan sektor keamanan yang dapat menjamin keamanan setiap individu di negara baru tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini akan disajikan dalam enam bagian penting guna , antara lain, efektivitas kinerja dan kekuatan institusi keamanan, manajemen dan pengawasan, hubungan dengan masyarakat, keberlanjutan penyelenggaraan sektor keamanan, dan yang terakhir Disarmament, Demobilisation dan Reintegration (DDR). Dari analisis tersebut, terungkap bahwa upaya reformasi sektor keamanan tidak hanya memerlukan pendekatan teknis, tetapi juga perlunya penanganan terhadap isu-isu politik dan sosial yang kompleks. Rekomendasi diberikan untuk pemerintah Timor-Leste, termasuk perlunya fokus pada pembangunan institusi yang akuntabel dan transparan, serta penggalangan dukungan internasional untuk mendukung upaya reformasi. Dalam konteks ini, kerja sama yang erat antara Timor-Leste dan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa menjadi kunci untuk mencapai tujuan keamanan yang berkelanjutan dan stabil di masa depan.

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SSR is an important focus for Timor-Leste's long-term development. This paper explores the challenges of the UN's failure to initiate SSR in Timor-Leste from 2000-2006. UNTAET with a broad mandate initiated the SSR process in Timor-Leste at the beginning of its mandate. The establishment of the security sector became an important part to be done, including the establishment of defense and security institutions. The subsequent mission UNMISET was also equipped with an executive mandate towards PNTL. Unfortunately, with such a broad mandate, the UN failed to create a security sector that could guarantee the security of every individual in the new country. Therefore, this research will be presented in six key sections in order to examine, among others, the effectiveness of the performance and strength of security institutions, management and oversight, community relations, the sustainability of security sector operations, and finally Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). The analysis revealed that security sector reform efforts require not only a technical approach, but also need to address complex political and social issues. Recommendations were made for the government of Timor-Leste, including the need to focus on building accountable and transparent institutions, and mobilizing international support for reform efforts. In this context, close cooperation between Timor-Leste and the United Nations is key to achieving the goal of sustainable and stable security in the future. "