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"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, kandidosis traktus respiratorius semakin mendapat perhatian akibat frekuensinya yang semakin meningkat. Hal tersebut berhubungan dengan menigkatnya faktor resiko seperti penggunaan antibiotik spectrum luas, penggunaan steroid, dan faktor komorbid lainnya. Diagnosis kandidosis di traktus respiratorius bukanlah hal yang mudah, perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan komprehensif yang menyeluruh seperti pemeriksaan laboratorium, pemeriksaan fisik, gambaran radiologis dan sebagainya. Pemeriksaan Laboratorium yang dapat dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan mikologi dan serologi. Pemeriksaan kultur merupakan salah satu pemeriksaan mikologi dan digunakan sebagai gold standard dalam mendiagnosis kandidosis. Dalam mendiagnosis, pemeriksaan serologi dengan metode imunodifusi digunakan sebagai konfirmasi. Kedua pemeriksaan tersebut telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikologi Departemen Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis metode diagnosis Candida traktus respiratorius menggunakan pemeriksaan serologi dengan metode imunodifusi.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode uji diagnostik dengan 72 sampel dari data sekunder yang didapat dari rekam medis kandidosis pada tahun 2010-2011 di Laboratorium Mikologi Departemen Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Analisa data dilakukan dengan analisa deskriptif dan analisis uji diagnostik.Secara demografi hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa infeksi kandidosis traktus respiratorius banyak ditemukan pada laki-laki dan pada usia produktif. Pada hasil uji diagnostik didapat nilai sensitivitas 43,6%, spesifisitas 94,1%, nilai duga positif 96%, nilai duga negative 34%, Likelihood ratio positif 7,39, Likelihood ratio negatif 0,59. Dari hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemeriksaan serologi dengan metode imunodifusi pada diagnosis kandidosis traktus respiratorius memiliki nilai diagnostik sensitivitas yang rendah namun spesifisitas yang tinggi.

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In the last few years, respiratory tract candidiasis increasingly received attention due to the increasing frequency. It is associated with increased risk factors such as use of broad spectrum antibiotics, steroids, and other comorbidities. Diagnosis of candidiasis in the respiratory tract is not an easy thing, to do such a thorough comprehensive examination such as physical examination, laboratory tests, radiologic, and so on. Laboratory examination that commonly used are mycological examination and serology examination. Culture examination is one of the mycological examination and used as the gold standard in the diagnosis of candidiasis. In diagnosing, serologic immunodiffusion method used as confirmation. Both examination have been performed in the Mycology Laboratory of the Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the respiratory tract Candida diagnosis method using serologic immunodiffusion method.This research is using diagnostic test with 72 samples from the secondary data obtained from medical records of candidiasis in 2010-2011 in the Mycology Laboratory of the Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. Data analysis was done by descriptive analysis and analysis of diagnostic tests.Demographically result showed that the respiratory tract candidiasis infections more common in men and in the productive age. On diagnostic test results obtained On diagnostic test results obtained value of sensitivity is 43.6%, specificity 94.1%, positive predictive value 96%, negative predictive value 34%, positive likelihood ratio 7.39, negative likelihood ratio 0.59. From the results, it can be concluded that serologic immunodiffusion method in the diagnosis of respiratory tract candidiasis has diagnostic value of low sensitivity but high specificity."

"his classic resource offers the current, comprehensive coverage of immunology you need to stay on the cutting-edge of clinical laboratory science. It provides a solid foundation of knowledge and skills to take you from basic immunologic mechanisms and serologic concepts to the theory behind the procedures you'll perform in the lab, including automated techniques. It also explores the medical applications of clinical laboratory science, with information on disorders of infectious and immunologic origin, as well as topics such as transplantation and tumor immunology. Learning objectives, review questions, step-by-step procedures, and case studies help you master key concepts and prepare you to succeed in today's modern laboratory environment."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit celiac  adalah gangguan autoimun spesifik organ yang dipicu oleh konsumsi gluten pada individu dengan predisposisi genetik. Koeksistensi penyakit celiac dengan penyakit autoimun lain telah banyak dilaporkan secara global, namun data epidemiologi di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi penyakit celiac pada pasien dengan penyakit autoimun lain di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo Indonesia serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor risikonya.Metode: Penelitian nested case-control dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, pada Februari–Maret 2025. Subjek adalah pasien dewasa (≥18 tahun) dengan diagnosis penyakit autoimun yang menjalani skrining serologis penyakit celiac (anti-tTG IgA dan anti-DGP IgG). Kasus didefinisikan sebagai pasien dengan hasil serologi positif pada kedua penanda tersebut. Kontrol dipilih dengan pencocokan usia dan jenis kelamin. Data demografi, karakteristik klinis, komorbid, dan faktor gaya hidup diambil dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan untuk menilai hubungan antara faktor risiko dan kejadian penyakit celiac.Hasil: Dari 673 pasien autoimun, 11 orang (1,63%) terdeteksi seropositif penyakit celiac. Mayoritas perempuan (89,01%) dengan rerata usia 43,3 tahun. Diagnosis autoimun terbanyak adalah lupus eritematosus sistemik (35,2%), artritis rematoid (16,8%), dan sindrom Sjögren (14,7%). Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara penyakit celiac dengan jenis kelamin, usia, merokok, konsumsi alkohol, konsumsi gluten, maupun komorbid. Proporsi penyakit celiac pada penelitian ini lebih rendah dibandingkan studi internasional serupa, kemungkinan dipengaruhi faktor genetik dan pola diet di Indonesia.Simpulan: Proporsi penyakit celiac pada pasien autoimun di Indonesia sebesar 1,63%. Tidak ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara penyakit celiac dengan faktor risiko demografis maupun klinis pada populasi ini. Hasil ini menegaskan perlunya penelitian multisenter dengan jumlah sampel lebih besar serta pendekatan diagnostik komprehensif, termasuk konfirmasi genetik dan histopatologis, untuk memahami epidemiologi penyakit celiac di Indonesia. Skrining rutin penyakit celiac pada pasien autoimun perlu dipertimbangkan, terutama pada mereka dengan gejala gastrointestinal atau faktor risiko genetik.

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Background: Celiac disease  is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. The coexistence of celiac disease with other autoimmune diseases is well-documented globally, but epidemiological data in Indonesia remain scarce. This study aimed to determine the proportion of celiac disease among patients with other autoimmune diseases at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and to identify associated risk factors.

Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, from February to March 2025. Adult patients (≥18 years) with established autoimmune diseases who underwent serological screening for celiac disease (anti-tTG IgA and anti-DGP IgG) were included. Cases were defined as patients with positive serology for both markers. Controls were matched by age and sex. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors were extracted from medical records. Bivariate analyses were performed to assess associations between potential risk factors and celiac disease occurrence.

Results: Among 673 patients with autoimmune diseases, 11 (1.63%) were seropositive for celiac disease. The majority were female (89.01%), with a mean age of 43.3 years. The most common autoimmune diagnoses were systemic lupus erythematosus (35.2%), rheumatoid arthritis (16.8%), and Sjögren’s syndrome (14.7%). No significant associations were found between celiac disease and sex, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, gluten intake, or comorbidities. The proportion of celiac disease in this cohort was lower than reported in similar international studies, potentially reflecting genetic and dietary differences in the Indonesian population.

Conclusions: The proportion of celiac disease among Indonesian patients with autoimmune diseases is 1.63%. No significant associations were identified between celiac disease and demographic or clinical risk factors in this population. These findings highlight the need for larger, multicenter studies and comprehensive diagnostic approaches, including genetic and histopathological confirmation, to better understand the epidemiology of celiac disease in Indonesia. Routine screening for celiac disease in autoimmune patients should be considered, especially in those with gastrointestinal symptoms or relevant genetic risk factors."