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"Background: Hypokalemia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders in hospitalized patients. If hypokalemia were found, the underlying cause should be identified and treated. The incidence study of hypokalemia in Indonesia hospitalized patients is rarely reported.Objective: To investigate the incidence of hypokalemia in medical patients at the medical wards of department of internal medicine Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital.Method: Patients who required administration of parenteral fluid for various indications, irrespective of diagnosis, length of stay and types of infusion or medications were included in this study. Serum sodium and potassium concentration were checked twice, first at their admission and the second at discharge. The study form contained data record of patient's initials, age, gender, dates of admission and discharge, medical record number, laboratory findings of serum sodium and potassium concentration at admission and discharge.Result: 103 subjects were enrolled with mean age 49 years old (ratio of female: male = 70:30). Serum sodium concentration at admission and discharged were not significantly different. Incidence of hypokalemia was 26%. Furthermore, serum potassium concentration at admission and discharge showed significant reduction from mean concentration of 4.06 mmoUL to 3.83 mmol/L (with P=0.02). The number of patients with hypokalemia increased significantly during hospitalization (from 27 to 45 patients.with p= 0.023). Additional data showed that the types of infusion solutions given to patients are as follows: ringer's lactate (52 patients), normal saline (22 patients), D5W (20 patients) and asering/ringer's acetate (9 patients).Conclusion: The incidence of hypokalemia in medical patients at the medical wards of department of internal medicine Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital was 26%. These patients did not have sodium abnormalities. Number of patients with hypokalemia increased during hospitalization. Most infusion solutions administered contain very low concentration of potassium (ringer's lactate and ringer's acetate 4 mmol/L) or no potassium at all (normal saline, D5W)."

"Latar belakang: Sindrom koroner akut SKA merupakan penyebab utama peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas di seluruh dunia. Mortalitas SKA dari berbagai studi di luar negeri diketahui berhubungan dengan kadar kalium serum saat admisi. Penelitian mengenai hubungan kadar kalium serum dengan mortalitas pada SKA masih perlu dilakukan karena adanya kemajuan dalam terapi kardiovaskular yang cukup pesat terutama pada era PCI saat ini dan adanya hasil yang bertolakbelakang antara studi terbaru dengan panduan yang ada. Tujuan: Menilai hubungan antara kadar kalium serum saat admisi dengan mortalitas selama perawatan pasien SKA in-hospital mortality. Metode: Data kadar kalium dan kematian diperoleh dari rekam medis dengan desain studi kohort retrospektif terhadap 673 pasien SKA yang dirawat dengan sindrom koroner akut di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Keluaran utama yang diamati berupa mortalitas selama perawatan. Analisis bivariat dengan Pearson Chi-square dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik dilakukan untuk menentukan hubungan antara kadar kalium serum abnormal dengan kematian pada sindrom koroner akut. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Subjek yang datang dengan kadar kalium serum yang abnormal K < 3,50 mEq/L atau > 5,0 mEq/L saat admisi sebesar 24,22 163 pasien , sedangkan grup dengan kalium normal sebesar 510 subjek 75,78. Dari analisis regresi logistik, setelah adjustment terhadap faktor perancu eGFR, didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar kalium serum abnormal saat admisi dengan mortalitas selama perawatan dengan nilai p = 0,04 adjusted RR 2,184; 95 CI: 1,037-4,601. Terjadi peningkatan risiko mortalitas pada subjek dengan kadar serum kalium 4,0-

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Background: Acute coronary syndrome ACS is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality across the globe. This mortality was known to be associated to the serum potassium level on admission. More studies are still needed due to rapid advancement in cardiovascular medicine especially in the era of interventional cardiology and also the conflicting results that exist between recent studies and established guidelines.

Aims: To determine association between serum potassium levels on admission of subjects with acute coronary syndrome and in-hospital mortality.

Methods: Included in the study were 673 acute coronary syndrome patients hospitalised in Indonesian National Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The outcome of the study was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Logistic regression models adjusted for risk factors, hospital treatment, and co-morbidities were constructed.

Results: Total of 163 patients 24,22 with abnormal serum potassium K < 3,50 mEq/L or > 5,0 mEq/L and 510 subjects with normal serum potassium 75.78. Logistic regression analysis after adjustment of the confounder eGFR shows significant association between serum potassium level on admission and in-hospital mortality with p value of 0,04 adjusted RR 2.184; 95 CI: 1.037-4.601. The risk of dying for patients with serum potassium of 4.0-."

"Latar Belakang: Sindrom Koroner Akut (SKA) merupakan kondisi aliran darah menuju miokardium tidak terpenuhi, yang bertanggung jawab atas lebih dari 7 juta kematian di dunia setiap tahun. Skor risiko TIMI adalah alat stratifikasi untuk pasien SKA yang menilai berbagai faktor risiko untuk menetapkan prognosis. Kadar natrium dan kalium dalam darah telah ditemukan sebagai indikator dalam prognosis pada pasien SKA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari asosiasi antara natrium dan kalium dalam darah dengan skor risiko TIMI pada pasien SKA, beserta kegunaannya sebagai faktor prognosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menerapkan studi analitik cross-sectional yang menggunakan data sekunder melalui rekam medik RSCM, yang termasuk pasien SKA dengan hasil skor risiko TIMI, dan kadar natrium serta kalium darah saat admisi pasien. Analisis data menggunakan 111 sampel data dengan program SPSS20. Hasil: Asosiasi antara kadar serum natrium saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI disebut signifikan secara statistik (p=0.013). Namun, asosiasi antara kadar serum kalium saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI tidak memiliki makna yang signifikan secara statistik (p=0.286). Kesimpulan: Analisis memperlihatkan asosiasi yang bermakna secara statistik dalam kadar natrium darah pada subjek saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI. Tidak ada asosiasi yang signifikan antara kadar kalium darah pada subjek saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI.

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Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a condition of inadequate blood supply of the myocardium, which responsible for the death of 7 million people each year worldwide. TIMI risk score is a risk stratification tool for ACS patients that assess multiple risk factor to establish the prognosis. The serum sodium and potassium level have been found as indicators of prognosis among ACS patients. This research intends to discover the association between serum sodium and potassium with TIMI risk score in ACS patients and its utilization as a prognostic factor. Method: This research applies an analytical cross-sectional study that utilize secondary data that was taken from the medical record of RSCM, which consists of ACS patients with TIMI risk score, admission serum sodium level, and admission serum potassium level. Data analysis uses 111 sample data with SPSS20 program. Results: Association between admission serum sodium level with TIMI risk score is statistically significant (p=0.013). However, admission serum potassium level with TIMI risk score has no statistical significance (p=0.286). Conclusion: It prevail the statistical significance on the association of subjects’ serum sodium level with TIMI risk score. There is no significant association between the subjects’ serum potassium level and TIMI risk score."

"Latar Belakang: Sindrom Koroner Akut (SKA) merupakan kondisi aliran darah menuju miokardium tidak terpenuhi, yang bertanggung jawab atas lebih dari 7 juta kematian di dunia setiap tahun. Skor risiko TIMI adalah alat stratifikasi untuk pasien SKA yang menilai berbagai faktor risiko untuk menetapkan prognosis. Kadar natrium dan kalium dalam darah telah ditemukan sebagai indikator dalam prognosis pada pasien SKA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari asosiasi antara natrium dan kalium dalam darah dengan skor risiko TIMI pada pasien SKA, beserta kegunaannya sebagai faktor prognosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menerapkan studi analitik cross-sectional yang menggunakan data sekunder melalui rekam medik RSCM, yang termasuk pasien SKA dengan hasil skor risiko TIMI, dan kadar natrium serta kalium darah saat admisi pasien. Analisis data menggunakan 111 sampel data dengan program SPSS20. Hasil: Asosiasi antara kadar serum natrium saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI disebut signifikan secara statistik (p=0.013). Namun, asosiasi antara kadar serum kalium saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI tidak memiliki makna yang signifikan secara statistik (p=0.286). Kesimpulan: Analisis memperlihatkan asosiasi yang bermakna secara statistik dalam kadar natrium darah pada subjek saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI. Tidak ada asosiasi yang signifikan antara kadar kalium darah pada subjek saat admisi dengan skor risiko TIMI.

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Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a condition of inadequate blood supply of the myocardium, which responsible for the death of 7 million people each year worldwide. TIMI risk score is a risk stratification tool for ACS patients that assess multiple risk factor to establish the prognosis. The serum sodium and potassium level have been found as indicators of prognosis among ACS patients. This research intends to discover the association between serum sodium and potassium with TIMI risk score in ACS patients and its utilization as a prognostic factor. Method: This research applies an analytical cross-sectional study that utilize secondary data that was taken from the medical record of RSCM, which consists of ACS patients with TIMI risk score, admission serum sodium level, and admission serum potassium level. Data analysis uses 111 sample data with SPSS20 program. Results: Association between admission serum sodium level with TIMI risk score is statistically significant (p=0.013). However, admission serum potassium level with TIMI risk score has no statistical significance (p=0.286). Conclusion: It prevail the statistical significance on the association of subjects’ serum sodium level with TIMI risk score. There is no significant association between the subjects’ serum potassium level and TIMI risk score."