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Abstrak :
A series of cyclic triaxial tests at very low frequency was carried out on unsaturated clean sand in order to quantitatively investigate the influence of the degree of saturation on dynamic response. The conventional triaxial testing apparatus, which is usually used on saturated soil, was employed to test the unsaturated soil with the additional pore air pressure controller. During the series of tests, four different degrees of saturation level (Sr = 55%, 70%, 85%, 98%) were applied to the soil specimen based on a single value of effective confining pressure (?’3). The results revealed that the application of cyclic loading at a very low frequency occurring continuously triggered the decrease of soil resistance. For degree saturation, Sr = 55% revealed that the resistance of soil was stronger in comparison to another level. Furthermore, the experimental results confirmed that applied cyclic loading induced a change in saturation level before and after testing. In addition, at a certain level of saturation, a phenomenon of settlements was likely to occur and the soil specimen then underwent liquefaction.

Abstrak :
Fenomena likuefaksi terjadi ketika endapan tanah berubah menjadi fluida karena kehilangan kemampuannya. Perubahan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh tegangan air pori yang tidak dapat terdisipasi dengan cepat sehingga air pori yang berada di bawah akan tertahan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh variasi permeabilitas pada dua model kolom tanah berbeda setebal 2 meter. Pengaruh permeabilitas tersebut diamati dari respons tekanan air pori, regangan geser serta perpindahan lateral. Representasi tanah pasir menggunakan model PM4Sand dan dianalisis menggunakan software OpenSees. Metode analisis tegangan efektif digunakan untuk melihat fenomena likuefaksi berdasarkan hasil keluaran OpenSees. Kenaikan tekanan air pori yang mengindikasikan likuefaksi terinduksi pada beberapa kedalaman tanah. Ditemukan bahwa pada kedalaman peralihan dengan permeabilitas yang relatif rendah lebih rentan terhadap risiko terjadinya likuefaksi. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa durasi disipasi air pori meningkat seiring dengan rendahnya nilai permeabilitas. Jumlah pembebanan siklik yang diberikan memberi pengaruh pada respons tanah. Model kolom tanah yang dikenai pembebanan siklik lebih banyak akan menunjukkan respons meningkatnya regangan geser dan perpindahan latera ......The phenomenon of liquefaction occurs when the soil turns into a fluid because it loses its capacity. These changes are influenced by the pore water tension which cannot be dissipated quickly so that the pore water at the bottom will stop. This research was conducted to see the effect of permeability variations on two different soil column models with a thickness of 2 meters. The effect of the permeability was observed from the response of pore water pressure, shear strain and lateral displacement. Representation of sandy soil using PM4Sand model and analyzed using OpenSees software. The effective stress analysis method is used to see the liquefaction phenomenon based on the output of OpenSees. The increase in pore water pressure indicates induced liquefaction at some soil depths. It was found that the transition depths with relatively low permeability were more susceptible to the risk of liquefaction. In addition, it was also found that the duration of pore water dissipation increased with lower permeability values. The amount of cyclic loading applied has an effect on the response of the soil. Soil column models that are subjected to more cyclic loading will show an increasing response to shear strain and lateral displacement.

Abstrak :
Berdasarkan sejarah kegempaannya, Cilacap merupakan wilayah yang pernah mengalami gempa besar (>M7.0) dan gempa dahsyat (>M8.0). Penelitian bermaksud untuk mengidentifikasi daerah rentan bencana gempa menggunakan data waveform noise. Pengolahan memanfaatkan metode Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio yang menghasilkan nilai amplifikasi dan nilai frekuensi dominan suatu wilayah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rentang nilai amplifikasi Kabupaten Cilacap ialah 0.24 – 6.63 dan rentang nilai frekuensi dominannya ialah 0.85 – 14.08 Hz dengan wilayah Karangkadri, Karangtalun, dan Tambakreja sebagai daerah yang sangat rawan. Berdasarkan nilai frekuensinya diestimasikan bahwa daerah penelitian ditutupi oleh litologi aluvial dengan intensitas maksimum gempa yang mungkin terjadi sekitar VIII MMI. Penelitian lebih lanjut dilakukan untuk mendapatkan nilai indeks kerentanan gempa, Peak Ground Acceleration, dan Ground Shear Strain. Nilai indeks kerentanan gempa yang didapat memiliki rentang 0.038 - 6.083 s2/cm. Nilai Peak Ground Acceleration bervariasi pada rentang 3.32835 – 3.32839 gal. Sementara nilai Ground Shear Strain daerah penelitian bervariasi dalam rentang 1.578x10-8 – 1.666x10-5. Secara keseluruhan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa daerah yang sangat rawan pada Kabupaten Cilacap ialah wilayah Tambakreja yang memenuhi 5 dari 6 parameter kerawanan yang diuji. ......Based on its seismik history, Cilacap is an area that has experienced a large earthquake (>M7.0) and a great earthquake (>M8.0). The research intends to identify earthquake-prone areas using waveform noise data. The processing is done by utilizing the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio method, producing amplification values and dominant frequency values. Based on the study results, the amplification value range of the Cilacap is 0.24 – 6.63, and the dominant frequency range is 0.85 – 14.08 Hz with Karangkadri, Karangtalun, and Tambakreja areas as the danger areas. Based on the frequency value, it is estimated that the study area is covered by aluvial lithology with a maximum intensity of earthquakes that may occur around VIII MMI. Further research was conducted to obtain the value of the earthquake susceptibility index, Peak Ground Acceleration, and Ground Shear Strain. The earthquake susceptibility index value obtained has a range of 0.038 - 6.083 s2/cm. The Peak Ground Acceleration value varies in the range of 3.32835 – 3.32839 gal. Meanwhile, the Ground Shear Strain values in the study area varied in the range of 1.578x10-8 – 1.666x10-5. Overall, it can be concluded that the earthquake-prone areas in Cilacap Regency is Tambakreja that qualified from the six parameter processing result.

Abstrak :
Kekentalan fluida dan sifat fluida saat mengalir dalam pipa sangat penting untuk diketahui dalam menentukan alat transportasi (pompa atau kompresor) yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji sifat-sifat kekentalan aliran dan membuat kurva aliran larutan gliserin dengan alat koaksial silinder putar viskometer. Perhitungan tegangan geser dan gradien kecepatan dengan mengukur kecepatan sudut pada silinder luar dan torsi dari silinder. Fluida uji berupa air murni dan 40% dan 60% larutan gliserin. Hasil menunjukkan koefisien torsi dari koaksial silinder untuk larutan gliserin menunjukkan proporsional dengan tegangan geser dan gradien kecepatan.

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Fluid viscosity and fluid characteristic flow on the pipe is very important to know for decide kind of transportation (pump or compressor) suitable. The purpose of this study was to examine the viscous properties and to make flow curve of glycerin solutions by coaxial cylinder rotating viscometer. Calculated shear stress and the shear strain by measure angular velocity on outer cylinder and the torque on inner cylinder of vertical coaxial cylinder viscometer. Test fluids were tap water and 40, 60 wt% of glycerin solutions. The result indicated moment coefficient of coaxial cylinder for glycerin solution shown proportional with shear stress and shear strain.