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"Bagi sebagian masyarakat NTT khususnya Pulau Timor terjadi sistem ladang berpindah di masa lalu. Tatkala itu sistem perladangan berpindah merupakan suatu bagian budaya dalam kehidupan komunitas masyarakat di Desa Litamali, Sisi, dan Rainawe. Perladangan dapat diartikan sebagai cara bercocok tanam di atas suatu hamparan areal lahan tertentu terutama di daerah hutan rimba tropik, daerah-daerah sabana tropik dan subtropik. Sistem ladang berpindah adalah sistem perladangan dalam makna usaha yang dilakukan oleh manusia secara berpindah. Sistem perladangan berpindah merupakan akumulasi dari berbagai pengalaman melalui babak perjalanan waktu yang panjang, sebagai hasil penyaringan internal terhadap dinamika perubahan lingkungan. Semua jenis makhluk hidup, besar atau kecil, buas atau jinak, aktif atau tidak, menghadapi masalah pokok yang sama yakni masalah untuk bertahan hidup. Persoalan bertahan hidup menuntut suatu proses penyesuaian diri dari makhluk hidup terhadap lingkungan tempat hidupnya. Penyesuaian diri itu secara umum disebut adaptasi. Dalam konteks petani ladang, perubahan sistem perladangan berpindah membutuhkan adaptasi dari komunitas petani. Tuntutan adaptasi berkaitan dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk, meningkatnya kebutuhan akan pangan serta peningkatan produktivitas lahan pada luas lahan yang sama. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan teknologi baru pertanian yang sekali lagi menuntut adaptasi petani juga. Contoh adaptasi masyarakat tradisional berburu dan meramu dapat dilihat dalam kehidupan suku Pygme, Bushmen, dan Negrito. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, suku Pygme, Bushmen, dan Negrito memperoleh pangan dengan meramu tanaman dan buah-buahan, madu dan hewan kecil. Konsekuensinya: a) gerak tinggal suku ini tidak pernah menetap, selalu mengikuti sumber-sumber persediaan pangan, b) pengetahuan dan teknologi yang dibuat lebih difokuskan pada upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan dan c) perpindahan terjadi ketika persediaan pangan di suatu wilayah tidak mencukupi kebutuhan lagi, sehingga perlu berpindah ke lokasi baru. Perilaku ini juga dimaknai sebagai awal mula adanya upaya adaptasi suatu komunitas masyarakat lokal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangannya mengikuti siklus alam sehingga perlu berpindah-pindah. Tuntutan adaptasi terhadap ladang menetap menyebabkan adaptasi dari berbagai komponen kebiasaan sosial, seperti perubahan sistem perladangan berpindah menjadi menetap, interaksi sosial, interaksi dengan alam, pola kegiatan ekonomi lokal dan teknologi tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kepadatan penduduk dan potensi lahan serta pengaruh teknologi baru pertanian terhadap adaptasi petani di Desa Litamali, Sisi, dan Rainawe Kabupaten Belu. Penelitian ini diharapkan memberi manfaat bagi penduduk ketiga desa tersebut dengan memanfaatkan ilmu pengetahuan dari lima iingkungan untuk pengembangan pertanian bagi penduduk setempat. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan metode survai. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik kuesioner dan wawancara. Penelitian dilakukan sejak bulan Maret - Juni 2003 di tiga (3) desa yaitu Desa Litamali, Sisi, dan Rainawe. Alasan memilih ke-3 desa tersebut secara purposive adalah, a) sistem perladangan berpindah dan ladang menetap masih dilaksanakan secara bersamaan; b) adanya perbedaan topografi yang nyata antar ketiga desa; (1) Desa Litamali terletak di dataran rendah; (2) Desa Sisi terletak di pegunungan; (3) Desa Rainawe terletak di pesisir pantai; dan c) ketiga desa ini mengalami perbedaan tekanan pertambahan penduduk akibat pertumbuhan alamiah dan migrasi masuk penduduk asal Timor Leste. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yakni Kepala Keluarga atau Rumah Tangga (RT) dalam wilayah Desa Litamali, Desa Sisi dan Desa Rainawe. Pengambilan sampel sebesar 10% atau sebanyak 91 KK dengan teknik acak sederhana. Data hasil penelitian, ditabulasi dan dianalisis untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepadatan penduduk terhadap potensi lahan dan pengaruh teknologi pertanian baru terhadap kemampuan petani. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa:a) Petani di Desa Litamali mulai melaksanakan sistem perladangan menetap (86%), diikuti petani di Desa Rainawe (64%) sedangkan petani di Desa Sisi (63%) masih menerapkan sistem perladangan berpindah.b) Pengaruh teknologi baru pertanian terhadap adaptasi petani sebesar, 58% di Desa Litamali, 44% di Desa Sisi dan 50% di Rainawe. Konsekuensinya, terjadi perubahan komponen perladangan seperti, interaksi sosial, hubungan dengan alam, pola ekonomi lokal dan teknologi tradisional pertanian. Kesimpulan penelitiannya adalah, (1) sistem perladangan berpindah di Desa Litamali dan Rainawe mulai berubah menuju ladang menetap sedangkan desa Sisi walaupun menunjukkan adanya perubahan, namun petani masih melakukan sistem perladangan berpindah; (2) teknologi baru pertanian mulai digunakan petani dalam kegiatan berladang. ......The Subsistence Farmers Adaptation toward Change of Shifting Cultivation System. (A Case Study on the Effects of Modernization on Traditional Agricultural in the Villages of Litamali, Sisi, and Rainawe, in Belu Residence)For some NTT people especially the Timorese, shifting cultivation was past of the culture particularly at the Litamali, Sisi and Rainawe villages. This Cultivation as a fanning mode was practiced in particular areas e.g., in tropical areas, savanas and subtropical areas. The shifting cultivation system is an agricultural effort no a resuet of accumulated experiences through a long journey of time being a human decision after internal selection to the dynamics of environmental changes. All creatures living in large or small groups, wild or tame, active or non-active, face an the same problems, after for survival. This demands for the ability of adaptation process to each habitat. The adaptation is an in born and continuous process. In the uninigated agricultural farmers context, the change of shifting cultivation into system a caused an adaptation on the farmers side an of causes of change was the population growth, which increased demand an food needed and this demanding increased land productivity of the same land area. Therefore, the into an intervention agricultural of new technologies needed the farmers adaptation. The example of traditional community adaptation started at the hunting and collecting could system such as be seen in the Pygme, Bushmen, and Negrito tribes. Daily, the Pygme, Bushmen and Negrito tribes obtained their food by collecting plants and fruits, honey and tiny animals. Consequently, a) the dwelling-movement of these tribes continued, always following the food supply sources; b) the knowledge and technology was therefor more focused on fulfilling their food needs and; c) the movement occured when the food supply in a region was short which therefore caused them to move to the other area. This behavior was also explained as the initial presence of adaptation effort of a local community to meet their food demand, by following the cycle of nature which kept them moving. The uninigated agricultural adaptation cause a change to the shifting custom thus changing some social habit components to the related shifting cultivation technique; such as the change in social relations, interaction with nature, local economic activities and the change from traditional to modem technology. This study aims at to analyzing the effects of population growth to the potentialities of the land and the impact of new agricultural technology y intervention as adaptation to the shifting cultivation habits in the Litamali, Sisi, and Rainawe villages, Belu district. his study hopes to be access of benefit to the local population by using knowledge on Environmental Sciences for agricultural purposes. This is a descriptive study using survey methods and instruments. As technique of data collection was used questionnaires, interviews and the use of some related secondary data. The study was executed between July 2002 and June 2003 in the three (3) villages being Litamali, Sisi and Rainawe. The reason selecting there three villages in Belu were: a) both in the unirrigated agricultural land, two cultivation system the sedentary and shifting cultivation systems; b) each are still being used e.q. village have different in topographic characteristics - (1) Litamali is located on the low lands, (2) Sisi is located on the mountain slope, (3) Rainawe is on the shores - and c) each village has their different population density caused natural population growth, in migration from Timor Leste. In this study, population means households represented by family head of the villages Litamali, Sisi village, and Rainawe. The chosen sample 10% from population or 91 households, decided by using the simple random sampling method. Moreover, data of this study were tabulated and analyzed by cross tabulation population growth and their potential land and also correlation between the use of the new agricultural technology to the farmers ability as replected by the change process shifting to sedentary cultivation. The study result showed that:a) 86% of the Litamali respondents and 64% of the Rainawe respondents, concluded that they starting to go for permanent cultivation, although, 63% the farmers of the Sisi village prefer to go on the shifting cultivation system.b) The conclution between of new agricultural technology to the fanner adaptation change was 58% respondents an the Litamali village, 44% an the Sisi and 50% the Rainawe village. Consequently, the some changes in cultivation components have in fluence social interaction, correlated to local custom, the local economic pattern and the traditional agricultural technology. Conclusions of this study are (1) the shifting cultivation system in Litamali, and Rainawe at the moment is beginning to changed settled cultivation system; cartrang farmers the Sisi village are still using the shifting cultivation system (2) the new agricultural technology is used by farmers in cultivation activity."

"Pertanian ladang berpindah oleh Suku Dayak Iban di Desa Mensiau mempunyai beberapa tahapan dalam pengelolaannya, yaitu membakar lahan, kemudian menanam padi dalam beberapa kali musim tanam, lalu di tinggalkan agar menjadi hutan kembali. Tahapan pertumbuhan tanaman dalam satu siklus perladangan berpindah idelanya mulai dari jejak bakar, ladang, semak belukar, belukar muda, belukar tua, kemudian hutan sekunder, sehingga dalam satu wilayah tanam suatu siklus perladangan berpindah dapat berlangsung selama 20 tahun sekali. Penelitian ladang berpindah bertujuan untuk melihat karakteristik lahan melalui data dari hasil perekaman pesawat tanpa awak, melihat perubahan siklus ladang berpindah menggunakan analisis temporal NDVI Landsat, serta menghitung pengaruh jarak ladang terhadap aksesibilitas terhadap tempat tinggal dengan menggunakan Euclidean Distance Analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sebagian besar perladangan berpindah dilakukan pada lahan yang berbukit kecil dengan kemiringan 15 - 25 dan jenis tanah Ultisol. Analisa NDVI pada beberapa ladang menunjukan peningkatan siklus perladangan berpindah dari sebesar 3 sampai 5 tahun sekali, dan hasil analisis jarak memperilhatkan perladangan berpindah banyak dilakukan pada wilayah di sekitar jalan, dibandingkan dengan sungai atau tempat tinggal. ......Shifting cultivation by Dayak Iban Tribe on Mensiau village have several stages, burn the land, rice cultivating for two or three planting season, then abandoned for reforestation. Vegetation growth trough several stages on one cycle, ideally strated from burn scar, rice field, bushes, young secondary regrowth, old secondary regrowth, then become secondary forest, so that cycle needs 20 years. The aim of this research is to identify the spatial charactheristic of shifting cultivation from UAV data, calculating the change on cycle from Landsat NDVI temporal analysis, also calculating the distance from home and access to the field using Euclidean Distance Analysis. The result shows most of shifting cultivation happen on hilly area with 15 25 slopes and Ultisol soil type. NDVI analysis for some field shown increasing of cycle time from 3 to 5 year, and distance analysis reveal that shfting cultivation mostly take place near the roads."

"Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting di Indonesia, khususnya di daerah transmigrasi dan daerah endemis malaria yang didatangi penduduk baru dari daerah non-endemik. Sering terjadi letusan atau wabah yang banyak menimbulkan kematian. Kecamatan Kemuning Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir Propinsi Riau merupakan kecamatan pemekaran dan daerah transmigrasi, sehingga sering terjadi pembukaan lahan baik oleh perusahaan maupun perorangan termasuk masyarakat tempatan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lamanya tinggal di ladang berpindah dengan kejadian malaria di Kecamatan Kemuning Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir Propinsi Riau.Rancangan penelitian adalah kasus kontrol. Kasus dan kontrol adalah subjek yang tinggal di ladang berpindah berturut-turut minimal 9 (sembilan) hari dan maksimal 3 (tiga) bulan terakhir yang berkunjung ke pelayanan kesehatan dalam wilayah Kecamatan Kemuning. Kasus disertai gejala klinis malaria (demam panas, sakit kepala dan menggigil secara berkala) dengan pemeriksaan sediaan darah plasmodium di laboratorium hasilnya positif. Kontrol tanpa gejala klinis malaria (demam panas, sakit kepala dan menggigil secara berkala) dengan pemeriksaan sediaan darah plasmodium di laboratorium hasilnya negatif,Hasil penelitian dengan alpha 5% terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara rata-rata lama tinggal di ladang berpindah dengan kejadian malaria. Nilai OR hasil analisis multivariat 14,26 (95% CI, 6,72 - 22,40), maka responden yang lebih lama tinggal di ladang berpindah lebih dari 26 hari akan terinfeksi malaria 14,26 kali dibanding yang tinggal kurang dari 26 hari setelah dikontrol variabel pemakaian repellent. Persamaan regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan peluang sebesar 19% yang lebih lama tinggal di ladang berpindah dan tidak memakai repellent terkena malaria.Disarankan kepada petugas kesehatan melakukan penyuluhan upaya pencegahan penularan penyakit malaria. Disarankan kepada masyarakat saat tidur di ladang selalu memakai kelambu dan bila keluar pada malam hari menggunakan repellent secara teratur. Bagi yang mempunyai ternak hendaknya membawa dan mengkandangkan ternaknya di ladang berpindah.Penanggung jawab program dapat kiranya membuat dan merencanakan kegiatan pemberantasan nyamuk malaria dengan program pemolesan kelambu dengan insektisida yang sesuai dan stimulan pengadaan dan penggunaan repellent.

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The Relationship of Living in The Shifting Cultivation Lands and Malaria Infected in The Sub District of Kemuning Indragiri Hilir Regency in The Province of Riau In 2002Malaria still acts as one of crucial public health problems in Indonesia, especially in transmigration areas and other endemic areas malaria, which or inhabited by the new comers from non-endemic areas which often suffer this disaster. That has caused much mortality. Kemuning is a new sub-district and a transmigration area. The opening of new lands either by the company or individuals including by the local people often occurred here.This study aimed to measure the relation of living period in the shifting cultivation lands and malaria incidents in The Sub District of Kemuning Indragiri Hilir Regency in The Province of Riau.The design of the study was a case control design. The cases and control were subjects living in the shilling cultivation lands recently and continuously for at least 4 (four) days, and at length 3 (three) months who visited the Kemuning sub-district's area health services. Cases with malaria clinical symptoms (high fever, headache and periodic cold), and whose availability of plasmodium blood were positive after the checking up at the laboratory. The controls without malaria clinical symptoms (high fever, headache and periodic cold), and whose availability of plasmodium blood were negative after the checking up at the laboratory.The result of the study by using alpha was 5% of significant difference between average living lengths in the shifting cultivation lands to be infected by the malaria. The OR value result of multivariate analysis showed that was 14.26 (95% CI, 6,72 - 22,40), therefore the respondent with length of living ? 26 days in the shifting cultivation lands could be infected by the malaria for 14.26 times in the comparison with the one whose length period of living < 26 days with the malaria incidents after being would controlled by the variable of using repellent. The equation of multiple logistic regression showed that the probabilities was 19% in the shifting cultivation lands and not using repellent would be infected by malaria, in contrast only 1.85% would be infected by malaria and using repellent.It is suggested to the health personal to provide guidance to the people about the importance of malaria preventive. It is suggested that as steeping to use mosquito bed net during night staying in the land, if going out at night use the repellent routinely. To this people who owned livestock could take their animals with them and encage in the land.The program coordinator should make and plan the activities of malaria mosquito controls by of the polishing the mosquito bed net with the appropriate insecticides and the stimulant using repellent programs."

"Sistem perladangan merupakan adaptasi terbaik dari masyarakat yang tingkat teknologinya sederhana. Sistem perladangan ini dapat dipertahankan selama penduduk masih sedikit dan hutan tersedia, namun sekarang telah mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan hidup, sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan :Mengapa sistem perladangan di Bengkulu mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan hidup ?Apakah batas secara teknis dari kawasan hutan lindung yang ada sekarang sudah memadai ?Penelitian ini mengajukan dua hipotesis.(a) Terlalu besarnya jumlah penduduk yang bergantung pada bidang pertanian kecil, memaksa sebagian penduduk menggunakan tanah di kawasan hutan lindung sehingga mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan.(b) Batas secara teknis dari kawasan hutan lindung di Kecamatan Kepahiang belum memadai.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebab-sebab sistem perladangan di Kecamatan Kepahiang mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan dan mengetahui batas secara teknis yang sesuai dari kawasan hutan lindung.Variabel bebasnya adalah penggunaan tanah, yang mempengaruhi kerusakan hutan sebagai variabel tidak bebas. Responden berjumlah 127 kepala keluarga, dan data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara berdasarkan daftar pertanyaan. Sampel kesuburan tanah diambil di wilayah berlereng 15%-40% dan lebih dari 40%. Data penggunaan tanah dan kemampuan tanah berasal dari Badan Pertanahan Nasional.Data dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal Wallis, dan data peta dianalsis dengan pendekatan analisis wilayah melalui teknik Overlay, kemudian keseluruhan data dikorelasikan.Temuan hasil penelitian ini yang penting adalah bahwa sistem perladangan di Kecamatan Kepahiang dilakukan dengan membuka hutan primer dan luas tanah garapan 2,61 hektar tiap keluarga serta laju perluasan 0,49 hektar tiap keluarga tiap tahun. Daya dukung lingkungan yang ada sudah terlampaui sehingga sistem perladangan ini tidak dapat dipertahankan. Di samping itu, sifat berpindah-pindahnya bidang tanah garapan dengan mencari hutan primer mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan.Orientasi usahatani penduduk adalah perkebunan kopi, di mana penggarapan tanah wilayah berlereng lebih dari 40% menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kandungan N,P,K dan pH. Penggarapan di kawasan hutan lindung merupakan akibat terlalu besarnya jumlah petani yang bergantung pada tanah dan timbulnya lapar tanah karena meningkatnya kebutuhan petani.Batas secara teknis dari kawasan hutan lindung menurut Tata Hutan Guna Kesepakatan, ternyata belurn memadai dan sebagian tanahnya digarap sebagai tempat usahatani. Batas secara teknis untuk kawasan hutan lindung meliputi 28.049 hektar, yang terdiri dari 15.202 hektar sebagai kawasan hutan lindung mutlak, dan 12.847 hektar sebagai daerah penyangga.

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Shifting cultivation system is the best adaptation from community with simple level technology. The shifting cultivation system can be maintained as long as population are rare and forest are still available, however this system now results in environmental destruction, therefore rise the question:

Why do the shifting cultivation system in Bengkulu cause the destruction of environmental?

Is the present technical boundary of the protecting forest area appropriate?

The research proposes two hypothesis:

The large population that depends on small farming area, press forces the part of the population to cultivate the land in protecting forest area, that resulting forest destruction.

Technical boundary from protecting forest area in Kepahiang Sub-district is not sufficient yet.

The aims of the research are to get to know the causes of shifting cultivation system in Kepahiang Sub-district which result in forest destruction, and to know the appropriate technical boundary from protecting forest area.

The independent variable of this research is land utilization that influences forest destruction as a dependent variable.

The number of respondence are 127 head of household, and the data was collected by interviewing based on the questionnaire list, and soil fertility samples were taken from area of slope 15%-40% and more than 40 %. The data of land utilization and land capability were gained from "Badan Pertanahan Nasional".

The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, and the data of maps were analyzed by region analysis approach with Overlay technic, then all of the data were correlated.

The important finding of this research is that the shifting cultivation system in Kepahiang Subdistrict is carried out by cultiving primary forest and cultivation area 2,61 hectare for each family with growth area 0,49 hectare each family every year. The present environmental carrying capacity is exceeded therefore this shifting cultivation system can not be maintained. In addition, the shifting cultivation system by looking for primary forest causes forest destruction.

The orientation of the farmer's work is coffee plantation, which the area cultivation in slope region is more than 40%, causes the declining deposit of N,P,K, and pH. The cultivation_ in protecting forest area is the result of too large number of farmers that depend on land, and need of land because of the increase of farmer's need.

Technical boundary of the protecting forest area according to "Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan" actually is not appropriate yet, and part of this land cultivated as farmer's work area. Technical boundary of this protecting forest area comprises 28.049 hectare, consists of 15.202 hectare as an absolute protecting forest area, and 12.847 hectare as a buffer zone."

"ABSTRAKArmed conflicts create drastic socioeconomic shocks that lead to land use and land cover changes in ways that are not yet well understood. Several studies have used satellite imagery to detect such changes during periods of conflict. However, there has been an insufficient examination of older conflicts before the 1970s. By examining older conflicts, we can examine the effects of conflict on land use and land cover over a long time span. This study reveals land use and land cover changes during the Second Indochina War (1960-75) and the wars immediate and long-term effects on land use and land cover by combining an analysis of aerial and satellite photographs with fieldwork. This study concludes that the war created an abnormal situation in which a large number of people from a different ethnic group came to live amongst the original inhabitants of the research site. This led to a unique farming landscape and vast areas of forest destruction. The study also reveals that forest destruction during the war was a significant milestone in the history of the vegetation of the research site, and the vegetative landscape has still not recovered to its prewar condition. These findings, as well as the results of previous research, suggest that we need to be more conscious of the effects of war on forest degradation in Laos."