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"Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero is a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 1847-48, satirizing society in early 19th-century Britain. The book's title comes from John Bunyan's allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, first published in 1678 and still widely read at the time of Thackeray's novel. Vanity fair refers to a stop along the pilgrim's progress: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which is meant to represent man's sinful attachment to worldly things. The novel is now considered a classic, and has inspired several film adaptations"

""A history of the class system in America from the colonial era to the present illuminates the crucial legacy of the underprivileged white demographic, citing the pivotal contributions of lower-class white workers in wartime, social policy, and the rise of the Republican Party,"--"

"This thesis deals with the ideal facts in a work of George Sand, a French female-writer from 19th century. Sand believes that writing novel needs the touch of idealization. Idealization here is restricted to social aspect, especially the social values, which prevail in societies depicted in La Mare au Diable. To explore the object systematically, the structural method is chosen to observe the poetic aspect of the novel. As preliminary stage of discussion, this first step shows a sintagmatic axis of the story which concentrates merely on two characters, namely Germain and Marie. It also reveals that the intrigue of the story is basically simple, consisting only of a chronological set of simple events.The characters represent several social groups. It comes out that among societies of three villages, that's to say, Belair, Onueaux, and Farouche, all observations end up in privileging Belairian characters more than those of the two others. Positive characters and features belong totally to Belair. Good old generation, good young generation, tolerant men and intelligent women are those of Belair. On the contrary, the people of the two other villages have the opposite qualities.To put it briefly, Belair has the good characters. It is then justified with values prevailing and binding the individuals within the society. Originality in tradition, harmonious relationship, freedom from religious obligations, respectful status of women and the dominance of agricultural profession, are distinctive features which characterize Belair. On the contrary, Ormeaux and Farouche people show pragmatism, individualism, materialism, and exploitation. These facts are completed with the description of space and time which clearly confirms the fore-mentioned statement about Belair's excellent position.The result of the analysis mentioned-above is then compared to real rustic life in 19th century social history of France documented by social historians. There are a lot of contrasts resulting from this comparison. History reveals that societies in French villages were individualistic in nature, despite the fact that they were religious people. Besides, there was no equality of respect and opportunity for women. Social life was characterized by resolute segregation stemming from strict social classes. Moreover, typical villagers regarded other people in a fully suspicious stance so that no possible interaction could be put into reality, particularly with the urban society.From this comparison we can conclude that Belairian society is an idealized one which can be found in a noel. It typically represents all literary works in romantic tradition which expresses people's longing for the natural beauty. Such artistic trend reflects the basic concept in art, known as back to nature, whose origin can be traced back to the French philosopher, lean Jacques Rousseau. Sand can be classified as the writer who tries to create an ideal world to materialize her dreams and aspirations. In brief, La Mare au Diable accommodates Sand's obsession of perfect people who live in simple but happy life."

""Who exactly are the 'intellectuals'? This term is so widely used today that we forget that it is a recent invention, dating from the late nineteenth century. In Birth of the Intellectuals, the renowned historian and sociologist Christophe Charle shows that the term 'intellectuals' first appeared at the time of the Dreyfus Affair, and the neologism originally signified a cultural and political vanguard who dared to challenge the status quo. Yet the word, expected to disappear once the political crisis had dissolved, has somehow endured. At times it describes a social group, and at others a way of seeing the social world from the perspective of universal values that challenges established hierarchies. But why did intellectuals survive when the events that gave rise to this term had faded into the past? To answer this question, it is necessary to show how the crisis of the old representations, the unprecedented expansion of the intellectual professions and the vacuum left by the decline of the traditional ruling class created favourable conditions for the collective affirmation of 'intellectuals.' This also explains why the literary or academic avant garde traditionally reluctant to engage gradually reconciled themselves with political activists and developed new ways to intervene in the field of power outside of traditional political channels. Through a careful rereading of the petitions surrounding the Dreyfus Affair, Charle offers a radical reinterpretation of this crucial moment of European history and develops a new model for understanding the ways in which public intellectuals in France, Germany, Britain, and the United States have addressed politics ever since"--From publisher's website."

"Pada tahun 1607, para imigran Eropa datang ke Amerika Serikat dan membentuk kolonikoloni. Sejak saat itu, imigran terus berdatangan. Namun demikian, walaupun Amerika Serikat didirikan dan tetap berdiri karena adanya imigran, sering muncul gelombang-gelombang antiimigran di Amerika Serikat. Mereka melihat kemerosotan ekonomi di Amerika Serikat dan menyalahkan para imigran. Tulisan ini memetakan dan menganalisis studi-studi dalam literatur akademik mengenai migrasi internasional di Amerika Serikat. Dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi, literatur-literatur tersebut dibagi ke dalam enam kategori tematis, yaitu (1) sistem kapitalis dan neoliberalis dalam migrasi internasional di Amerika Serikat, (2) perbedaan kelas dan kesenjangan sosial dalam migrasi internasional di Amerika Serikat, (3) argumen antiimigran di Amerika Serikat, (4) dampak migrasi internasional kepada perekonomian Amerika Serikat, (5) identitas masyarakat Amerika Serikat, dan (6) kemajuan teknologi dan pengaruhnya kepada migrasi internasional di Amerika Serikat. Tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk menyingkap konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan dalam topik ini. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis menemukan bahwa faktor ekonomi merupakan faktor utama yang menentukanmigrasi internasional di Amerika Serikat.

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In 1607, European immigrants came to the United States and formed colonies. Since then, immigrants have continued to arrive. However, even though the United States was founded and remained standing because of immigrants, anti-immigrant waves often appear in the United States. They blame economic downturns in the United States on

immigrants. This paper maps and analyzes studies in academic literature on international migration in the United States. Employing taxonomy in organizing the literature review, this study identifies six thematic categories: (1) capitalist and neoliberalist systems in international migration in the United States, (2) class differences and social inequalities in international migration in the United States, (3) anti-immigrants arguments in the United States, (4) the impact of international migration on the United States economy, (5) the identity of the United States society, and (6) technological advances and its effect on international migration in the United States. This literature review seeks to uncover consensus, debate, and gaps in this topic. In this paper, the author finds that economic factors are the main factors determining international migration in the United States."

"In the popular imagination, Caribbean islands represent tropical paradise. This image underlies the efforts of many environmentalists to protect Caribbean coral reefs, mangroves, and rainforests. Much less attention is given to environmental conditions in urban areas, where the islands poorer citizens suffer from exposure to garbage, untreated sewage, and air pollution. Concrete Jungles explores why these issues tend to be ignored, demonstrating how mainstream environmentalism reflects and reproduces class and race inequalities. Based on over a decade of research in Kingston, Jamaica, and Willemstad, Curaçao, the book contrasts the uptown environmentalism of largely middle-class professionals with the downtown environmentalism of inner-city residents. It combines an original and sophisticated theoretical discussion of the politics of difference with rich ethnographic detail, including vivid depictions of Caribbean ghettos and elite enclaves. The book presents a novel approach to environmental injustice, combining a political economy perspective with attention to the cultural politics that naturalize socio-ecological inequalities. One of the first works to extend environmental anthropological theory to explicitly include the study of cities, the book shows how divergent forms of environmentalism articulate class, race, and urban space. Forms of environmentalism that implicitly or explicitly understand cities as opposed to nature, and poor people as a threat to environmental purity, contribute to urban naturalisms that naturalize social hierarchies and the unequal distribution of environmental problems."