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"Son preference has traditionally been a fundamental cultural value in Vietnamese families, and this preference appears to have intensified in Vietnam in recent years. The key explanation for why parents prefer sons to daughters is that Vietnamese families embrace Confucian notions of gender hierarchy. Based on in-depth interviews with twenty first-generation Vietnamese migrant parents from refugee and skilled migrant backgrounds, and 18 Vietnamese Australian children of migrant parents, this paper explores whether Vietnamese migrants to Australia and their children display a preference for sons in their families. The findings suggest that sons are no longer valued in the ways that they were in Vietnam. Many parents in this study did not express a need to live with, receive financial support from, or be cared for by their sons. The children also expressed fewer financial support and caring obligations to parents. We propose that the greater financial security afforded to the elderly by the social welfare system in Australia may decrease parents’ dependence on sons, lowering the value of sons in families. This strongly suggests that the economic value of sons is key to the persistence of son preference in Vietnam, more so than Confucian notions of gender hierarchy."

"Son preference's impact on Indian fertility is examined within 14major stares, utilizing the NFHS surveys of 1992-93 and l998-99 but withemphasis on the NFHS-2 survey. The l4 states are grouped into two on thebasis of the strength of son preference. The analysis indicates that the birthhazards for the gentler composition of surviving children are highest atparity 3 for the majority of the M states. 'The intensification eject, orincreasing impact of son preference at lower parities, is manifested instrong son preference stores experiencing large fertility declines such asPunjab and Haryana. Son preference continues to affect fertility at lowerpriorities and it is possible that a floor well above replacement level isforming. especially in the populous northern/central stores. However, withthe increasing incidence of sex-selective abortions it is possible that lowerfertility with dramatically skewed sex ratios at birth will result"

"Keberadaan son preference dipengaruhi oleh dua hal yakni kondisi sosial ekonomi orang tua dan sistem kekerabatan yang berlaku. Bagi perempuan yang memiliki tingkat son preference yang kuat, keputusan reproduksi yang meliputi penggunaan kontrasepsi dan kemungkinan peningkatan paritas akan bergantung pada jumlah dan komposisi gender anak yang diinginkan. Dengan menggunakan data SDKI 2017, studi ini membahas bagaimana perilaku perempuan yang memiliki preferensi terhadap kelahiran anak laki-laki dalam memutuskan penggunaan kontrasepsi dan kemungkinan peningkatan paritas berdasarkan proporsi anak laki-laki pada paritas terakhir sebagai proxy dari son preference. Hasil pada studi ini menemukan bahwa efek proporsi anak laki-laki terhadap penggunaan kontrasepsi adalah positif dan signifikan, namun diikuti dengan efek (proporsi anak laki-laki)2 yang negatif dan signifikan. Sedangkan efek proporsi anak laki-laki terhadap probabilitas peningkatan paritas adalah negatif dan signifikan, namun diikuti dengan efek (proporsi anak laki-laki)2 yang positif dan signifikan. Hal ini tidak lepas dari kondisi preferensi gender di Indonesia yang cenderung mengarah kepada kondisi seimbang bukan preferensi terhadap anak laki-laki.

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The existence of son preference is influenced by two things such as the socio-economic status of the parents and the prevailing kinship system. For women who have a strong son preference level, reproductive decisions involving the use of contraception and the possibility of increasing parity will depend on the desired number and gender composition of children. Using the 2017 IDHS data, this study discusses the behavior of women who have a preference for the birth of a son based on the proportion of sons in the last parity as a proxy for son preference. The results of this study found that the effect of the proportion of sons on contraceptive use was positive and significant, but was followed by the effect (proportion of sons)2 which was negative and significant. While the effect of the proportion of sons on the probability of increasing parity is negative and significant, but it is followed by the effect (proportion of sons)2 which is positive and significant. This is inseparable from the condition of gender preference in Indonesia which tends to lead to a balanced preference condition.

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"The study examines the impact of son preference on the pace offertility among women of different educational levels in the 14 indian statesof Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Purjab,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa,Tamil Nadu and West Bengal with reference to the _findings of the NFHS 2survey H998-99). In the northern western states there appears to be anincreased preference for at least one son in i992-99 as compared to thesouthern/eastern states. in contrast to their counterparts in the southernstares, educated women in the northern/western states demonstrate agreater inclination toward continuing childbearing for a son on the basis ofhaving ann: daughters. San preference continues to affect fertility at lowerparities and could slow down _fertility decline especially in the populousnorthern/western safes."

"Preferensi ibu terhadap salah satu gender anak menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kesejahteraan anggota rumah tangga. Model teoretis memprediksi bahwa ketika seorang anak lahir dari jenis kelamin yang disukai ibunya, orang tua akan mencurahkan lebih banyak sumber daya untuk anak tersebut, sehingga menciptakan modal manusia yang lebih baik. Dalam penelitian ini, kami menyelidiki sejauh mana preferensi anak laki-laki mempengaruhi disparitas perkembangan kognitif antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode OLS. Kami menemukan bahwa perbedaan skor kognitif antara anak perempuan adalah sebesar 0,259 lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak laki-laki disebabkan oleh adanya son preference. Analisis heterogenitas juga menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak perempuan dari latar belakang yang kurang berkecukupan, seperti mereka yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan dan lahir dari ibu yang berpendidikan rendah, juga dipengaruhi oleh preferensi anak laki-laki.

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The wellbeing of family members is impacted by a mother's preference for children of a particular gender. A simple theoretical model predicts that when a child is born of their mother's preferred sex, parents will devote more resources to that child, resulting in good human capital. In this study, we investigate the extent to which son preference influences cognitive development disparities between sons and daughters in Indonesia by using OLS method. We find that the differences in cognitive scores between daughters is 0.259 standard deviation higher compared to the differences between sons due to son preference. Our heterogeneity analysis also reveals that daughters from disadvantaged backgrounds, such as those living in rural areas and born to less educated mothers, are disproportionately affected by son preference."