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"Berbagai aplikasi pengecilan ukuran partikel liposom telah dilakukan untuk memperoleh liposom SUV dengan pertimbangan distribusi sistemik yang lebih baik dan pemenuhan kriteria filtrasi steril. Ekstrusi dan sonikasi merupakan metode reduksi ukuran partikel yang umum digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh metode ekstrusi dan sonikasi terhadap karakteristik liposom bila ditinjau dari morfologi, ukuran partikel, efisiensi penjerapan, dan sterilitas. Pembuatan liposom dilakukan dengan metode hidrasi lapis tipis. Liposom hasil hidrasi diberikan dua perlakuan berbeda: ekstrusi 5 siklus dengan membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm dan sonikasi 2 kali selama masing-masing 5 menit. Liposom terekstrusi dan tersonikasi disterilisasi filtrasi dengan teknik ekstrusi 1 siklus menggunakan membran polikarbonat 0,22 μm secara aseptik. Citra TEM menunjukkan bentuk sferis unilamelar dari globul liposom tersonikasi dan variasi bentuk globul pada liposom terekstrusi. Ekstrusi 5 siklus dan sonikasi menghasilkan liposom dengan rata-rata ukuran partikel berturut-turut 445,3 (PDI=0,49) dan 75,5 nm (PDI=0,323). Sterilisasi filtrasi 1 siklus cenderung meningkatkan rata-rata ukuran partikel dan keseragaman liposom terekstrusi, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap liposom tersonikasi. Jumlah meropenem terjerap dalam liposom terhidrasi, terekstrusi, dan tersonikasi berturut-turut sebesar 67,99%, 32,93%, dan 72,76%. Proses ekstrusi steril menurunkan efisiensi penjerapan liposom terekstrusi (25,94%) dan tersonikasi (35,02%). Pengujian sterilitas dengan medium tioglikolat dan agar darah mengindikasikan adanya pertumbuhan bakteri.

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Various applications of liposome particle size reduction have been made to obtain SUV liposome with consideration of better systemic distribution and sterile filtration criteria fulfillment. Extrusion and sonication are two common methods of particle size reduction. This study aims to observe the effect of extrusion and sonication methods on the characterizatic of liposomes in terms of morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and sterility. Liposome was produced by thin film hydration method. Hydrated liposome was given two different treatments: 5 cycles extrusion with 0.45 μm polycarbonate membrane and 2 sonication cycles for 5 minutes each. Furthermore, extruded and sonicated liposome were sterilized by filtration using 1 cycle extrusion techniques with 0.22 μm polycarbonate membrane aseptically.

TEM image shows the unilamellar spherical globule of sonicated liposome and various globule forms of extruded liposome. 5 cycles extrusion and sonication produce liposome’s globule with mean particle size of 445.3 nm (PDI = 0.49) and 75.5 nm (PDI = 0.323) respectively. Sterile filtration increased mean particle size and uniformity of the extruded liposomes, but it didn’t influence the sonicated liposome. Meropenem entrapped in hydrated, extruded, and sonicated liposomes were respectively 67.99%, 32.93%, and 72.76%. Sterile extrusion process decreased the entrapment efficiency of extruded (25.94%) and sonicated (35.02%) liposome. Sterility testing with thioglikolat medium and blood agar indicate the presence of bacterial growth."

"ABSTRAKKandungan protein yang dimiliki oleh Nostoc berpotensi dijadikan sumber bahan makanan alternatif. Protein tersebut dapat diperoleh secara maksimal apabila strain, medium, metode penghancuran sel, dan metode pengukuran kadar protein yang digunakan tepat. Strain yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah strain CPG8, CPG24, dan GIA13a. Terdapat tiga macam medium yang digunakan, yaitu medium kontrol BG11 N-free, medium A, dan medium B. Ketiga medium tersebut memiliki kandungan Na2CO3 yang bervariasi. Kandungan Na2CO3 dalam medium kontrol adalah 0,02 gr/L, kandungan Na2CO3 dalam medium A adalah 0,04 gr/L, dan tidak terdapat Na2CO3 dalam medium B. Variasi kandungan Na2CO3 tersebut bertujuan untuk mengurangi selubung musilage. Selubung musilage dapat menghalangi proses penghancuran sel oleh sonikator. Akibatnya, jumlah protein yang keluar dari dalam sel tidak maksimal. Filtrat hasil sonikasi diukur kadar proteinnya menggunakan metode Bradford. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar protein Nostoc strain CPG8, CPG24, dan GIA13a yang ditumbuhkan pada ketiga medium berbeda-beda.

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ABSTRACTProtein content owned by Nostoc potentially is used as alternative food sources. The protein can be maximum obtained if strain, medium, cell destruction method, and protein level measuring method is used appropriately. Strains that being used in the study is CPG8, CPG24, and GIA13a strain. There are three kinds of medium, namely the control medium BG11 N-free, medium treatment A and medium treatment B. Those medium contains vary Na2CO3 level. Na2CO3 level in control medium is 0,02 gr/L, Na2CO3 level in medium treatment A is 0,04 gr/L, and there is no Na2CO3 in medium treatment B. Variation content of Na2CO3 aims to reduce mucilage sheath. Mucilage sheath can hinder the process of cell destruction by sonicator. As a result, the amount of protein out of the cell was not optimal. The filtrate?s protein level from sonication is measured using Bradford method. The results showed that the protein content of CPG8, CPG24, and GIA13a strain that were grown in three medium is vary."

"In this research, analysis of the magnetic properties of the nanoscale ferromagnetic material barium strontium hexaferrite with the composition of Ba(0.7)Sr(0.3)O6(Fe2O3) or written as B7S3HF is conducted. The material was prepared by the ball mill method, followed by reducing the particle sizes of the material to reach a result in nanometers with a high pressure ultrasonic for 12 hours. In the compacting process, a parameter was given from the outside of the 50 mT magnetic field to determine the cause of the anisotropy phenomenon of the material. To identify the phase of material, changes in the magnetic properties and measurement of the Particle Size of the B7S3HF material were taken. The equipment used was X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Permagraph (an automatic computer-contolled measuring system) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The results of XRD were seen in their influence against the Buffered Hydrofluoric (BHF) acid, which were caused by the effects of the Strontium (Sr) substitution and by increasing the size of the material volume. Changes in the magnetic properties of the B7S3HF material, due to an induced magnetic field from the outside, were caused in contrast with the remanent value ranging from 0.18 T up to 0.249 T, respectively. This process did not occur, since the coersivity value was fixed at 275.54 kAm-1. Changes in the value of the remanent material rose by 0.069 T or (6.9%). This phenomenon shows the anisotropy influence in the B7S3HF material in an external magnetic induction of 50 mT. The results of the ultrasonic measurements were performed using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) equipment, which gained a 43.5 nm particle size."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang proses degradasi zat warna tipe indigosol (bejana larut) menggunakan katalis Zeolit teraktivasi. Zeolit yang dipergunakan jenis Modernite dengan ukuran 3 ? 5 mm Preparasi katalis Zeolit dengan sonikasi, menambahkan asam, merefluks, memanaskan dalam oven pada suhu 1500C selama 2 jam.Variasi massa zeolit 1, 2 dan 4 gram dilakukan untuk optimasi massa dalam degradasi Indigosol violet pada berbagai konsentrasi (100, 200, 500 dan 1000 ppm) menggunakan ozon dalam waktu 30 menit, 60 menit dan 120 menit. Degradasi yang optimal sebanyak 95,46% pada massa zeolit 4 gram dengan ozonasi selama 2 jam atau 1,73 kali jika dibandingkan ozonisasi tanpa zeolit. Pengukuran COD dilakukan sebelum perlakuan dan setelah perlakuan untuk menentukan penurunan COD. Besarnya penurunan COD adalah 75,24%.

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This study discusses the type of dye degradation process indigosol (vessel soluble) using activated Zeolite catalysts. Zeolite used type Modernite with size 3- 5 mm. Zeolite catalyst preparation by sonication, add acid, refluxing, heating in an oven at a temperature of 150 0C for 2 hour.Variasi zeolite mass 1, 2 and 4 grams performed to optimize the mass in indigosol violet degradation in various concentrations (100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm) using ozone in 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Optimal degradation as much as 95.46% on the mass of zeolite 4 grams with ozonasi for 2 hours or 1.73 times when compared to ozonation without zeolite. COD measurements conducted before treatment and after treatment to determine the COD reduction. The amount of COD reduction was 75.24%."

"ABSTRAKAdsorpsi zat warna Disperse red 50 pada kain poliester dilakukan dengandengan menggunakan surfaktan Lauril glukosida sebagai agen pendispersi untukmencegah aglomerasi serta meningkatkan kelarutan zat warna Disperse red 50dalam air. Proses pewarnaan kain poliester menggunakan zat warna dispersiterbagi menjadi dua yaitu dengan adanya carrier dan tanpa carrier (suhu tinggi).Untuk menghindari penggunaan suhu tinggi maka pada penelitian ini dilakukanstudi adsorspi zat warna dispersi pada kain poliester dengan menggunakanmetode sonikasi dan akan dibandingkan dengan adsorpsi zat warna dispersi padakain poliester dengan adanya carrier yaitu vanillin. Hasil optimasi metodesonikasi menunjukkan adsorpsi berlangsung optimum pada konsentrasi surfaktan55 ppm, waktu sonikasi 10 menit, waktu kontak 100 menit, pH 4 dan suhu 90oC.Hasil optimasi dengan adanya carrier menunjukkan adsorpsi berlangsungoptimum pada konsentrasi surfaktan 55 ppm, massa vanillin 0.125 g, waktukontak 50 menit, pH 4 dan suhu 90oC. Sementara itu hasil optimasi adsorpsi tanpasonikasi maupun carrier berlangsung optimum pada konsentrasi surfaktan 55ppm, waktu kontak 60 menit, pH 4 dan suhu 90oC. Studi kinetika menunjukkanlaju adsorpsi zat warna dispersi pada kain poliester paling cepat dengan adanyacarrier yaitu 0,01212 g/mg menit dan laju adsorpsi dengan sonikasi 0,0195 g/mgmenit. Sementara itu laju adsorpsi zat warna dispersi pada kain poliester tanpasonikasi maupun penambahan carrier memiliki laju adsorpsi paling lambat yaitu0,0142 g/mg menit. Proses adsorpsi Disperse red 50 pada kain poliester dengandan tanpa sonikasi mengikuti model isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir. Sedangkanproses adsorpsi Disperse red 50 dengan penambahan carrier vanillin mengikutimodel isoterm adsorpsi Freundlich.

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ABSTRAKAdsorption disperse red 50 at polyester fabrics using Lauryl glucoside assurfactant to prevent aglomeration of Disperse red 50, an azo disperse dyes andincrease their solubility in water. Main methods of dyeing polyester with dispersedyes are using high temperature and the presence of accelerating agent or carrierin low temperature. To avoid using High temperature in dyeing process, Thisreserach using another method which is sonication to decrease dyes particle size.Sonication is expected to make dyes adsorbed to polyester fabrics easily. Thisreserach also compare sonication method to carrier method. Vanillin used ascarrier in this reserach. Optimum condition of adsorption with sonication occur atconcentration of surfactant 55 ppm, sonication time 10 minute, contact time 100minute, pH 4, and temperature 90oC. Optimum condition of adsorption with thepresence of carrier occur at concentration of surfactant 55 ppm, vanillin 0.125g,contact time 50 minute, pH 5, and temperature 90oC. Meanwhile, optimumcondition of adsorption without both of sonication and carrier occur atconcentration of surfactant 55 ppm, contact time 60 minute, pH 4, andtemperature 90oC. Kinetics studies for all of methods fitted well with pseudosecond order with adsorpstion rate for sonication method 0,0195 g/mg minute, forcarrier method 0,0212 g/mg minute and without both sonication and carrier0,0142 g/mg minute. Adsorption of disperse red 50 at polyester fabrics with thepresence of carrier fitted well with Freundlich isotherm model. Meanwhilewithout the presence of carrier, adsorption fitted well with Langmuir isothermmodel."

"Secara umum, obat yang digunakan pada pemberian sistemik dengan dosis tinggi untuk jangka panjang umumnya menyebabkan efek toksik. Salah satu upaya untuk menekan efek samping obat adalah dengan menginkorporasikan obat tersebut ke dalam pembawa obat (drug carriers) sehingga obat dapat langsung mencapai organ sasaran dengan dosis rendah. Salah satunya obat yang diteliti dan terbukti dapat menurunkan efek samping obat adalah liposom, yaitu liposom EPC-TEL2,5 yang belum teruji stabilitasnya secara fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan stabilitas liposom EPC-TEL2,5 dengan perlakuan ekstrusi dan sonikasi yang disimpan pada suhu kamar. Kestabilan liposom ditentukan dengan melihat perbandingan jumlah dan diameter liposom hari pertama sampai dengan akhir bulan ketiga. Dengan menggunakan uji nonparametrik Kruskal-Wallis didapatkan liposom yang berdiameter ≤ 100 nm dan > 100 nm masing-masing p = 0,001dan p = 0,031 yaitu terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah liposom. Hasil dilanjutkan dengan analisis post hoc dengan Mann-Whitney didapatkan liposom ekstrusi diameter < 100nm tidak stabil pada hari ke-1 (p = 0,016) dan ekstrusi diameter > 100 nm sampai hari ke-7 ( p=0,008). Hasil sonikasi berdiameter < 100 nm dan > 100 nm didapatkan p = 0,917 dan p = 0, 738 menunjukkan stabil hingga hari ke- 84.

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In general, drugs that are used systemically in high dose and for a long time are very toxic. Incorporating the drugs to drug carriers so that it can directly reach its target organ is an effort to prevent the drug?s side effects. One of the drug carriers, which has been studied many times and proved to reduce drugs? side effects is liposome, especially EPC-TEL2,5 liposome. The purpose of this study is to compare the stability of EPC-TEL2,5 liposome after being extruded, sonicated and stored in room temperature in three month. Liposome stability is determined by comparing liposome level and diameter since the first day until the end of third months. Using Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, we found that liposome < 100 nm (p = 0,001) and liposome > 100 nm (p = 0,031). With post-hoc analysis Mann-Whitney, we found that liposome with extrusion < 100 nm was stable until day-1. Liposome with extrusion > 100 nm was stable until day-7. Liposom with sonication < 100 nm dan > 100 nm stable until day-84 (p = 0,917 and p = 0,738)."

"Latar belakang: Inkorporasi obat ke dalam bahan pembawa obat yaitu liposom dapat menurunkan dosis terapi dan dapat langsung mencapai organ sasaran. Hal ini merupakan upaya penekanan efek samping obat. Tapi, liposom EC-TEL2,5 sebagai formula baru belum pernah diuji stabilitas secara fisik. Tujuan: Menguji stabilitas fisik liposom EPC-TEL2,5 hasil sonikasi dan ekstrusi dibandingkan dengan kontrol pada suhu penyimpanan 4oC. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental in vitro pada tiga kelompok liposom, yaitu kelompok ekstrusi 200 nm, kelompok sonikasi dan kelompok kontrol. Pengamatan terhadap sediaan liposom dilakukan pada hari ke-0, hari ke-7, hari ke-28, hari ke-56 dan hari ke-84. Hasil pengamatan dikategorikan menjadi dua, yaitu liposom dengan diameter < 100 nm dan diameter > 100 nm. Hasil: Hasil uji statistik Kruskall-Wallis dan analisis post hoc Mann-Whitney didapatkan nilai probabilitas 0,935 (p=0,935) untuk liposom hasil sonikasi dengan kategori diameter < 100 nm, sedangkan nilai probabilitas untuk liposom hasil sonikasi dengan kategori diameter > 100 nm adalah 0,242 (p=0,242 ). Nilai probabilitas untuk liposom hasil ekstrusi dengan diameter < 100 nm adalah 0,007 (p=0,007), sedangkan nilai probabilitas untuk liposom hasil ekstrusi dengan kategori diameter > 100 nm adalah 0,008 (p=0,008). Kesimpulan: Liposom EPC-TEL2,5 hasil sonikasi yang disimpan ada suhu 4oC selama 84 hari bersifat stabil secara fisik, sedangkan hasil ekstrusi yang disimpan ada suhu 4oC selama 84 hari bersifat tidak stabil secara fisik dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol.

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Background: Incorporation of drug in drug vehicle, liposome, can lower drug concentration within therapeutic dose and can arrive at target organ directly. This is one way to suppress side effect of drugs. But, liposome EPC-TEL2,5 as new formula has not been tested for physical stability. Objective: To test the physical stability of liposome EPC-TEL2,5 prepared by extrusion, sonication compared to control at incubation temperature 4oC. Methods: This research is experimental study (in vitro) in three groups of liposomes, they are 200 nm-extrusion group, sonication group and control group. Observation to all groups of liposomes were done in 0 day, 7th day, 28th day, 56th day and 84th day. The result of this observation is the amount of liposomes categorized in two groups, they are liposomes with diameter > 100 nm and liposomes with diameter < 100 nm. Result: Post hoc analysis with Mann-Whitney test showed that the probability value is 0,935 (p=0,935) for liposomes as result of sonication with diameter ≤ 100 nm, and the probability value for liposomes as result of sonication with diameter > 100 nm is 0,242 (p=0,242). The probability value of liposomes as result of extrusion with diameter < 100 nm is 0,007 (p=0,007), and the probability value for liposomes as result of extrusion with diameter > 100 nm is 0,008 (p=0,008). Conclusion: Liposomes EPC-TEL 2,5 as result of sonication which have been incubated at 4oC for 84 days were physically stable and extrusion incubated at 4oC for 84 days were physically unstable compared to control group."

"Dewasa ini, penelitian mengenai pembawa obat (drug carrier) telah banyak dilakukan antara lain liposom. Liposom dibuat untuk mempermudah obat masuk ke dalam organ atau reseptor sasaran. Liposom yang saat ini sedang dikembangkan adalah liposom yang dibuat dari kombinasi antara fosfatidil kolin kuning telur (Egg yolk Phosphatidil Choline / EPC) dan tetraeter lipid 2,5 mol % dari archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum, yang sering disebut liposom EPC-TEL 2,5. Walaupun terbukti terdistribusi dengan baik pada organ, liposom EPC-TEL 2,5 belum teruji kestabilannya secara kimia, sehingga liposom hasil sonikasi selama 60 menit perlu diuji kestabilannya terhadap pemaparan garam yang terdapat di dalam darah seperti MgCl2. Parameter kestabilan adalah tidak bertambahnya jumlah dan diameter liposom yang berukuran lebih dari 100 nm. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Tidak terjadi peningkatan jumlah liposom yang berukuran lebih dari 100 nm secara bermakna setelah diamati pada hari ke-0, 7, 30, 60, dan 90. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa liposom EPC-TEL 2,5 hasil sonikasi tetap stabil dalam larutan MgCl2 150 mOsm pH 7 hingga 90 hari penyimpanan pada suhu 4 ºC.

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Recently, researches about drug carriers have been long developed, such as liposome. Liposome is formulated for drug could reach the organ target or receptor target easily. Liposome could made from combination Egg yolk Phosphatidyl Choline (EPC) and Tetraether Lipid (TEL) 2,5 mol% from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum which is called EPC-TEL 2,5. The distribution of liposome EPC-TEL 2,5 to many organs has proven, but it is not tested chemically yet, so that liposome after 60 minutes of sonication should be tested by exposure selected salt which is commonly found in blood such as MgCl2. The stability parameters were the diameter of liposome and the amounts of liposome larger than 100 nm were constant. There was no significant change or increased in MgCl2 150 mOsm pH 7 solution at 4 ºC of amount of liposome which sizes were greater than 100 nm after observation at day 0, 7, 30, 60, 90. Could be assumed that liposome EPC-TEL 2,5 still stable in MgCl2 150 mOsm pH 7 solution until 90 days of incubation at 4 ºC."

"[Untuk mengevaluasi potensi dari mikroalga hijau Chlorella vulgaris sebagai sumber produksi biodiesel, dipelajari efek senyawa nitrogen, besi, dan waktu sonikasi pada laju pertumbuhan C.vulgaris serta total akumulasi lipid yang didapat. Laju pertumbuhan pada media dengan penambahan 0,67 mg/L Fe3+ lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pertumbuhan pada media dengan pengurangan 75,41% kadar nitrogen. Produktivitas biomassa menurun pada media dengan defisiensi nitrogen dan meningkat pada media dengan penambahan besi (87,79% dan 122,67% berturut-turut), sedangkan produktivitas lipid ditemukan meningkat pada kedua jenis media (246,15% dan 169,23% berturut-turut). Tidak ditemukan efek yang signifikan terhadap total hasil ekstraksi mikroalga C.vulgaris ketika digunakan waktu sonikasi selama 15, 30, dan 45 menit. Sebagai tambahan, kemungkinan kultivasi mikroalga di ruang terbuka turut diteliti. Didapatkan laju pertumbuhan yang lebih rendah pada kultivasi di luar ruangan karena rendahnya faktor pencahayaan.

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To evaluate the potential of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris as a feedstock for biodiesel production, the effect of nitrogen, iron, and sonication time on growth of C.vulgaris along total lipid collected were studied. The growth rate is higher when 0,67 mg/L Fe3+ was added, while the growth in media with 75,41% nitrogen deficiency is slower. Biomass productivity was lower in N-deficient media and higher in iron suplemented media (87,79% and 122,67% respectively), while lipid productivity was higher in both media (246,15% and 169,23% respectively). There is no significance effect in total lipid collected from microalga C.vulgaris when using 15, 30, and 45 minute sonication time. In addition, the feasibility of cultivating the microalga in outdoor condition was also tested. It was found that the growth of microalga become slower due lack of illumination in outdoor cultivation., To evaluate the potential of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris as a feedstock for biodiesel production, the effect of nitrogen, iron, and sonication time on growth of C.vulgaris along total lipid collected were studied. The growth rate is higher when 0,67 mg/L Fe3+ was added, while the growth in media with 75,41% nitrogen deficiency is slower. Biomass productivity was lower in N-deficient media and higher in iron suplemented media (87,79% and 122,67% respectively), while lipid productivity was higher in both media (246,15% and 169,23% respectively). There is no significance effect in total lipid collected from microalga C.vulgaris when using 15, 30, and 45 minute sonication time. In addition, the feasibility of cultivating the microalga in outdoor condition was also tested. It was found that the growth of microalga become slower due lack of illumination in outdoor cultivation.]"

"Propolis dikenal akan kandungan senyawa aktif berupa Flavonoid yang menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antitumor. Namun, senyawa aktif tersebut memiliki stabilitas dan ketersediaan hayati terbatas yang mempengaruhi efek terapeutiknya. Maka, dilakukan enkapsulasi ekstrak propolis ke dalam liposom untuk mempertahankan karakteristik fungsionalnya. Enkapsulasi propolis ke dalam liposom dilakukan melalui thin film hydration, freeze thaw dan sonikasi. Sonikasi dilakukan untuk meratakan dan memperkecil ukuran liposom hingga diperoleh karakteristik yang ideal untuk meningkatkan kemampuan persebaran obat di dalam tubuh. Pada penelitian ini, diberikan variasi terhadap durasi sonikasi yang beragam dari 20, 30, hingga 40 menit untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik liposom. Setiap variasi sampel tersebut akan melalui pengujian efisiensi enkapsulasi berbasis kandungan flavonoid, penentuan karakteristik liposom menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), serta pengujian gugus fungsi menggunakan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Melalui uji ANOVA, diperoleh pengaruh yang signifikan antara durasi sonikasi terhadap efisiensi enkapsulasi dan karakteristik liposom. Jika dibandingkan, sampel C2 yang melalui sonikasi 30 menit memiliki karakteristik liposom yang terbaik, dimana ukuran partikel dan indeks polidispersitasnya masing-masing sebesar 115,667 ± 3,800 nm dan 0,309 ± 0,059. Sampel ini juga menunjukkan efisiensi enkapsulasi yang tinggi, yaitu mencapai 97,887 ± 0,025%.

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Propolis is known for its active compounds in the form of Flavonoids which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, these active compounds have limited stability and bioavailability which affect their therapeutic effect. Thus, encapsulation of propolis extract into liposomes was carried out to maintain its functional characteristics. Propolis encapsulation into liposomes was carried out through thin film hydration, freeze thaw and sonication. Sonication was carried out to reduce and homogenize the size of the liposomes in order to improve drug delivery. In this study, various sonication durations were varied from 20, 30, and 40 minutes to determine the effect on liposome characteristics.  Each variation of the sample will be tested for encapsulation efficiency based on total flavonoids, determination of liposome characteristics using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and functional group testing using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Through the ANOVA test, a significant effect was obtained between sonication duration on encapsulation efficiency and liposome characteristics. The C2 sample that was sonicated for 30 minutes had the best liposome characteristics, where the particle size and polydispersity index were 115.667 ± 3.800 nm and 0.309 ± 0.059, respectively. This sample also showed high encapsulation efficiency, which reached 97.887 ± 0.025%."