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"Pertanyaan dari penelitian ini adalah, Seberapa besar nilai jarak dan keseragaman ruang kerja pada konfigurasi spasial kantor yang berbasis aktivitas dan konvensional akan meningkatkan kepuasan pengguna? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih konkrit terhadap nilai optimum konfigurasi spasial. Penelitian sebelumnya belum membahas secara spesifik estimasi jarak optimum meja kerja sesama pengguna, jarak fasilitas pendukung pekerjaan, jarak tempat bersosialisasi, jarak tempat beristirahat dan keseragaman ruang kerja terhadap kenyamanan penggunanya. Subjek penelitian merupakan 60 pengguna kantor yang berbasis aktivitas (Activity-Based) dan kantor konvensional. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan penggabungan data yang bersifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif secara bersamaan. Pengukuran objektif jarak dan selisih luasan ruang kerja menggunakan aplikasi AutoCad dengan skala meter dan pengukuran subjektif menggunakan kuesioner. Metode analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah metode regresi dengan aplikasi STATA dan tabulasi silang untuk melihat persebaran nilai. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa kenyamanan jarak meja kerja sesama pengguna dan jenis aktivitas lainnya tidak selalu konsisten. Kenaikan dan penurunan tingkat kenyamanan pada nilai yang terukur akan dihubungkan dengan teori terdahulu sebagai kebaruan atau pelengkap teori yang bersifat subjektif. Temuan penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai pedoman bagi pemilik gedung perkantoran dalam menentukan tata ruang yang optimal. Implikasi dari tata ruang yang optimal adalah pemilik properti kantor dapat menentukan luasan ruang yang sesuai dengan jenis konsep kantor yang ingin diterapkan, sehingga pengguna yang menggunakan properti kantor akan tetap merasa nyaman terhadap luasan yang efisien.

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The research question is, What is the value of distance and uniformity of workspace in the spatial configuration of activity-based and conventional offices that will increase user satisfaction? This study aims to get more concrete results on the optimum value of the spatial configuration. Previous research has not specifically discussed the estimated optimum distance between fellow users' work tables, the distance of work support facilities, the distance to socialize area, the distance to resting area and the uniformity of workspace to the convenience of its users. The research subjects were 60 activity-based and conventional offices users. The data collection method is carried out by combining quantitative and qualitative data. Objective measurement of distance and workspace area using AutoCad with meter scale and subjective measurements using questionnaires. The statistical analysis method used is a regression method with STATA and cross tabulation to see the distribution of values. The results found that the optimal distance between fellow users' desks and other types of activities are not always consistent. Increases and decreases in the level of comfort at the measured value will be related to the previous theory as novelty or complementary theories that are subjective. The findings of this study can be used as a guide for office building owners in determining the optimal spatial layout. The implication of the optimal spatial layout is that the office property owner can determine the area of ​​the space in accordance with the type of office concept that they wants to apply, so that users who use the office property will still feel comfortable with an efficient area."

"Bullying telah diketahui dapat menyebabkan berbagai efek buruk yang dapat dirasakan korban seperti trauma, luka fisik, bahkan kematian. Meskipun begitu, bullying terkadang dianggap sudah umum terjadi dalam berbagai lingkungan sosial. Day dan Midbjer (2007) menyatakan arsitektur memiliki pengaruh terhadap perilaku bullying. Skala dan ruang tidak terawasi (unsupervised space) dapat menimbulkan kesempatan terjadinya bullying. Sekolah dasar adalah salah satu lingkungan sosial tempat bullying sering terjadi (Bulach, Fulbright, & Williams, 2003). Berdasarkan kajian literatur telah dilakukan sebelumnya menunjukkan bullying cenderung terjadi pada toilet, koridor, area bermain dan halaman, kantin, juga ruang kelas, yang disebut dengan hot spot. Kajian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bagaimana arsitektur dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya bullying. Penulis akan mengobservasi sebuah sekolah dasar dan menganalisis skala, konfigurasi, dan kualitas spasial menggunakan indikator berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Hasil dari kajian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan arsitektur dan bullying dapat saling mempengaruhi; serta skala, konfigurasi, dan kualitas spasial menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya unsupervised space yang dapat menimbulkan kesempatan terjadi bullying.

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Bullying has already known for its various bad effects felt by the victims such as trauma, physical injury, and even death. Nevertheless, bullying often considered as a common behaviour in various social environment. According to Day and Midbjer (2007), architecture might have impact on bullying. He stated that scale and unsupervised spaces will create opportunities for bullying behavior. Elementary schools are one of the environment where bullying behaviour often take place (Bulach, Fulbright, and Williams, 2003). A previous study showed that bullying mostly occured in the toilet, hallway, playground, canteen, and classroom. Regarding the issue, the purpose of this study is to identify that architecture might encourage bullying behavior. The author will observe elementary school environment and analyze its scale, spatial configuration, and spatial quality using several indicators based on previous research. Findings from this paper suggest that architecture and bullying can influence each other; school building scale, its spatial configuration and quality are the key factors to unsupervised space, that might elevate the possibility of bullying."

"The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of hospital inpatient ward spatial configuration in relation to visibility. Visibility is an important aspect in a hospital inpatient ward, and could support healthcare performance. Visibility is required in an inpatient ward for the purposes of control, surveillance, interaction and communication among patients and nurses, and it could be affected by the spatial configuration of the ward. Based on isovist as a way to visualize the visual experience in surrounding environments, we developed an analytical tool to evaluate the visibility of an inpatient ward in a planned university teaching hospital. The findings illustrate the visibility as experienced by the users in the everyday operation of the hospital ward. Some recommendations for improvement were suggested to the existing spatial configuration for better visibility."

"AbstrakThis paper considers the spatial configuration of Manila, focusing on American public health policy during the period 1905 14, when Victor Heiser held great power as the Director of Health. During this period after the Filipino American War, public health policy was concerned with the improvement of Filipinos sanitary customs and promoted the configuration of urban spaces.For the United States, medicine and public health were measures to justify colonialism in the Philippines. Simultaneously, sanitary customs were regarded as a sign of moral civics, which was a precondition of Philippine independence. American sanitary officers intervened in Filipinos lives and social order, and did not give Filipinos favorable evaluations on sanitary customs.As a result, the urban spatial configuration was shaped by laws and surveillance up to the early part of the second decade of the twentieth century. Interventions in Filipinos lives through home inspections were a particularly important matter. The purification of public spaces such as markets, slums, etc, and the relocation of slum residents into suburbs were also enforced. Many lawsuits were filed for violations of sanitary laws, which meant that American sanitary laws brought social friction into Filipino societies. Up to the second decade of the twentieth century, when many American sanitary officers returned, sanitary education in public schools was refined and intensified to insert moral civics into Filipino societies."