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"AbstrakTelah dilakukan analisis radionuklida dalam sampel batuan menggunakan spektrometer gamma. Analisis radionuklida dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan jumlah radionuklida yang terdapat dalam sampel batuan, sehingga asal dari radionuklida tersebut juga dapat diketahui. Analisis radionuklida dapat dilakukan dengan pencacahan sampel menggunakan spektrometer gamma genny. Pencacahan sampel dilakukan terhadap sampel batuan dengan waktu pencacahan selama 80000 detik.Dari hasil pencacahan diperoleh 5 jenis radionuklida yang tercacah yaitu radionuklida Pb-212 dengan kandungan 5,14E-11 μg/g aktivitas 0,11 Bq/g; radionuklida Ac-228 3,41E-11 μg/g, dengan aktivitas 0,13 Bq/g; radionuklida U-235 0,15 μg/g, dengan aktivitas 0,013 Bq/g; radionuklida Pb-214 9,77E-14 μg/g dengan aktivitas 0,12 Bq/g; dan radionuklida Bi-214 5,71E-13 μg/g dengan aktivitas 0,98 Bq/g.Selanjutnya untuk melihat keberterimaan hasil analisis aktivitas radionuklida dalam sampel batuan tersebut dilakukan perhitungan akurasi dari standar uranium bersertifikat dari CRM. Pada penentuan nilai akurasi tersebut diperoleh nilai akurasi rerata pengukuran radionuklida uranium (U-235) yang terdapat dalam standar uranium bersertifikat dari CRM yaitu 3,45%, nilai akurasi yang diperoleh cukup baik yaitu lebih kecil dari 5%."

"Tujuan dari proyek skripsi tersebut adalah untuk mengimplementasikan Sensor Warna RGB ke dalam the University of Queensland Farmbot dan meningkatkan kapabilitasnya yang mengontrol pertumbuhan tanaman panen dalam lingkungan terkontrol. Caranya, dengan menganalisasi dan mengukur kondisi tumbuhan dari warna yang terefleksi dari permukaan daun tumbuhan. Tujuan langsung dari proyek ini adalah untuk melihat apakah sensor RGB, dengan konsumsi dayanya yang rendah, penggunaan yang simpel, dan harga produksi yang rendah untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk alat pengukuran kamera yang sudah tersedia dalam Farmbot. Saat ini, penggunaan dari sensor RGB untuk mengukur pertumbuhan daun sebagai indikator kesehatan sanggatlah terbatas yang diteliti. Jika terbukti sukses, sensor RGB dapat menyediakan sarana yang layak untuk pengukuran kesehatan tumbuhan yang non-destruktif atau non-invasi. Proyek ini memeriksa dan membandingkan hasil yang diterima dari sensor dengan database yang tersedia untuk menentukan kondisi tumbuhan. Untuk dapat meningkatkan kapabilitas sensor RGB, sensor tambahan akan digunakan. Sensor tersebut adalah sensor infrared thermal dengan mengambil ukuran temperatur permukaan daun, dan 6-channel spectrometer untuk membandingkan hasil keluaran sensor yang telah di kalibrasi dengan hasil sensor RGB. Perbandingan tersebut dapat meningkatkan keandalan dan akurasi data. Proyek tersebut juga membandingkan hasil dari sensor RGB, spectrometer, dan thermal sensor dengan macam-macam senyawa kimia yang terdapat pada daun tumbuhan. Hasil proyek telah menunjukkan bahwa sensor RGB bekerja cukup baik jika mengukur intensitas warna, tepat jika sensor di kalibrasi, dan keluaran hasil respons yang cepat. Dari hasil tersebut telah memenuhi tujuan dari penggunaan sensor RGB yang dapat di implementasikan ke dalam Farmbot untuk deteksi warna yang akurat. Tetapi, hasil indeks RGB tidaklah cukup untuk menentukan klasifikasi kesehatan atau kondisi tumbuhan tanpa menggunakan sensor yang lain. Saat ini, belum ada klasifikasi empiris ataupun relasi dengan aspek matematika yang dapat digunakan dalam penentuan kondisi tumbuhan dengan RGB secara langsung. Tetapi dengan inklusi sensor thermal dan spectrometer, fungsionalitas RGB meningkat secara signifikan.

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The purpose of this thesis project is the implementation of RGB Colour Sensor into the University of Queensland Farmbot and improve its capability of controlled crop growth by analysing and measuring plants conditions using colours that is reflected of the surface of crop leaves. The immediate goal of this project is to see whether RGB Colour Sensor, with its low power consumption, usage simplicity, and low production cost to be used as an alternative measurement tool to an already existing image sensor in the Farmbot. Currently, the use of colour sensor to measure plants leave colour as an indicator for health has been limitedly research. If prove to be successful, RGB Colour Sensor could provide as a viable mean of non destructive or non invasive measurement of plants health status.

The project examines and compares the data achieved through the sensor and compares with existing databases to determine the plants condition. Additional sensors are also used to help increase the capability of the RGB Sensor. These sensors include infrared thermal sensor for getting temperature, and 6 channel visible light spectrometer to compare its calibrated output with the RGB Colour sensor to increase data reliability and accuracy. This project also compares result of the RGB sensor, spectrometer, and temperature with different chemical compounds that are found in leaves of plants.

Results shows that RGB sensor works quite well when measuring colour intensities, it is accurate when calibrated, and quick output response. This meets the objective where RGB sensor can be implemented in the Farmbot for accurate colour detection. However, RGB index alone is not enough to determine any classification of health or plants condition without the use of other complimentary sensors. There are not yet any empirical classifications or mathematical relations that can be used to determine plants condition with RGB. However, with the inclusion of the thermal and spectrometer, RGB sensor functionality increases significantly."

"ABSTRACT

Data acquisition system using diode array for a spectrometer has been designed and constructed. The light detection is performed by a photodiode array consisting of 512 photodiodes. The superior quantum efficiency of the detector and the direct increase of optical flux with photodiode electrons make it works as a very fast detector. This detector is supplemented with a charge-coupled device working as a shift register for the array, and as a result each light spectrum can be scanned in less than one minute.

The detecting subsystem is followed by a 12 bit analog to digital conversion module which operates at the speed of 26 uses. This data acquisition system is also equipped with an Z BO CPU controlled interface module for its data transfer to an IBM PC, to allow further processing and analysis of the data as well as its final display. In addition to each individual subsystem testing, the whole integrated system has also been tested with a known spectrum and the result is satisfactory."

"Limbah radioaktif yang dihasilkan dari pemanfaatan teknologi nuklir terus bertambah. Penghasil limbah dan atau badan pelaksana dapat menerapkan tingkat klierens untuk mengurangi jumlah limbah radioaktif. Penelitian dilakukan di Pusat Teknologi Limbah Radioaktif-Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional Kawasan Nuklir Serpong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi konsentrasi aktivitas radionuklida yang terkandung di dalam limbah radioaktif praolah, menganalisis prakiraan dampak penerapan tingkat klierens limbah radioaktif pada aspek ekonomi estimasi penghematan biaya pengolahan limbah radioaktif padat secara kompaksi , menganalisis prakiraan dampak penerapan tingkat klierens limbah radioaktif pada aspek sosial kesehatan pekerja radiasi dan masyarakat: hitung jumlah limfosit dan menganalisis prakiraan dampak penerapan tingkat klierens limbah radioaktif pada aspek lingkungan dosis yang diterima oleh tanah, badan air dan tanaman . Jumlah sampel limbah radioaktif sebanyak 11 drum 100 liter, pekerja radiasi 27 orang dan masyarakat 33 orang. Analisis limbah menggunakan alat spektrometer gamma digiBASE, menghitung dosis di lingkungan menggunakan perangkat lunak RESRAD OFFSITE, dan analisis biaya menggunakan metode valuasi ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat delapan sampel limbah radioaktif yang masuk kategori klierens dan sisanya masih di atas batasan klierens, penerapan tingkat klierens dapat mereduksi biaya pengolahan, penerapan tingkat klierens tidak memberikan dampak pada penurunan kadar limfosit dalam darah, dan juga tidak memberikan tambahan dosis di lingkungan. Tingkat klierens perlu segera diterapkan agar dapat mereduksi volume limbah radioaktif yang ada di fasilitas interim storage.

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The radioactive waste generated from utilization of nuclear technology continues to grow. Waste generator and or operator able to apply clearance level to reduce the amount of radioactive waste. The study was conducted at the Center for Radioactive Waste Technology National Nuclear Energy Agency at Serpong Nuclear Region. The aims of study to identify the activity concentration of radionuclides contained in radioactive waste pre treatment, to analyze impact forecasts of radioactive waste clearance level on the economic aspects estimated cost savings of compactible radioactive waste treatment , to analyze impact forecasts of radioactive waste clearance level on the social aspects health of radiation workers and the public count the number of lymphocytes and to analyze impact forecasts of radioactive waste clearance level on the environmental aspects the dose received by the soil, water bodies and plants . The number of samples are 11 samples of radioactive waste, 27 samples of radiation workers and 33 samples of the public. Analysis of radioactive waste using digiBASE gamma spectrometer, calculate the dose of radiation in the environment using RESRAD OFFSITE computer code, and cost analysis using economic valuation methods. The results showed that there were eight samples of radioactive waste in the category clearance and remaining is still above the clearance limit, application clearance level can reduce the cost of processing, the application clearance level no impact on the decreased levels of lymphocytes in the blood, and also did not provide additional radiation dose in the environment. The clearance level needs to be applied in order to reduce the volume of radioactive waste in interim storage facility."

"ABSTRAKPada penelitian ini dilakukan kajian risiko radionuklida 210Po terhadap konsumsi biota kerang hijau (Perna viridis), udang jerbung (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis), cumi-cumi (Loligo sp.), dan ikan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commersonii) yang berasal dari Perairan Teluk Jakarta. Aktivitas radionuklida 210Po pada sampel diukur menggunakan spektrometer α. Analisis radionuklida 210Po dilakukan pada bagian daging, kepala, dan pencernaan untuk memperoleh pola distribusi 210Po dalam tubuh biota. Distribusi radionuklida 210Po tertinggi pada bagian pencernaan diikuti oleh bagian kepala dan daging. Aktivitas radionuklida 210Po dalam tubuh biota dilakukan sebelum dan setelah food processing (proses penggorengan). Aktivitas radionuklida 210Po setelah food processing (proses penggorengan) mengalami penurunan sebesar 41-57%. Asupan harian radioaktivitas (daily intake) tertinggi yaitu pada cumi-cumi goreng sebesar 0,22 Bq dan diikuti oleh ikan tenggiri goreng, kerang hijau goreng, udang jerbung goreng dengan nilai dosis berturut-turut sebesar 0,01 Bq; 0,27 x 10-2 Bq ; dan 0,08 x 10-2 Bq. Dosis asupan tahunan (Deff) tertingi yaitu dosis cumi-cumi goreng sebesar 952,62 x 10-7 sv dan diikuti oleh dosis ikan tenggiri goreng, kerang hijau goreng, udang jerbung goreng dengan nilai dosis berturut-turut sebesar 69,24 x 10-7 sv; 11,80 x 10-7 sv; dan 3,43 x 10-7 sv. Nilai LCR (Lifetime Cancer Risk) tertinggi pada cumi-cumi goreng sebesar 521,25 x 10-7 dan diikuti oleh ikan tenggiri goreng, kerang hijau goreng, udang jerbung goreng dengan nilai dosis berturut-turut sebesar 37,75 x 10-7; 6,46 x 10-7; dan 1,88 x 10-7. Berdasarkan nilai dosis asupan harian (daily intake), dosis asupan tahunan (Deff) , dan LCR (Lifetime Cancer Risk) biota uji masih tergolong aman untuk dikonsumsi dan tidak berisiko karsinogenik.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, the risk of radionuclide 210Po was assessed on consumption of green mussel (Perna viridis), jerbung shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis), squid (Loligo sp.), and mackerel fish (Scomberomorus commersonii) which originated from Jakarta Bay. Radionuclide 210Po activity in the samples were analyzed using α spectrometer. The activities of 210Po were observed in muscle, head, and digestive system to obtained distributional pattern of radionuclide 210Po in the biotas organs. The highest distribution of radionuclide 210Po was detected in digestive system and followed by head and muscle. The 210Po activities were analyzed before and after food processing. The radionuclide 210Po activities after food processing decreased by 41-57%. The highest daily intakeof 210Po found in fried squid which contains 0,22 Bq, followed by fried mackerel fish, green mussel, and jerbung shrimp with 0,01 Bq; 0,27 x 10-2 Bq ; dan 0,08 x 10-2 Bq, respectively. The highest annual intake (Deff) of 210Po is 952,62 x 10-7 sv, which found in fried squid and followed by fried mackerel fish, green mussel, and jerbung shrimp with 69,24 x 10-7 sv; 11,80 x 10-7 sv; dan 3,43 x 10-7 sv, respectively. The highest LCR (Lifetime Cancer Risk) of 210Po being 521,25 x 10-7, found in cooked squid and followed by fried mackerel fish, green mussel, and jerbung shrimp which respectively has 37,75 x 10-7; 6,46 x 10-7; dan 1,88 x 10-7. According to the results of daily intake, annual intake (Deff) , and LCR (Lifetime Cancer Risk), the biota tested are still classified as safe for consumption and not carsinogenic."

"Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan studi mengenai radionuklida 210Po yang terdapat pada biota dan analisis kadar radionuklida 210Po yang terakumulasi di dalam tubuh biota berdasarkan tingkatan trofikya. Biota uji yang digunakan adalah ikan Belanak (Mugil dussumieri), ikan bawal hitam (Parastromateus niger), ikan kembung (Restrelliger kanagurta), ikan bawal putih (Pampus argenteus),dan ikan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commersonii) yang didapatkan dari perairan Muara Kamal, Teluk Jakarta. Analisis aktivitas 210Po dilakukan pada bagian daging, kepala, dan sistem pencernaan. Distribusi aktivitas 210Po paling tinggi terdapat pada sistem pencernaan, setelah itu kepala dan daging. Analisis aktivitas 210Po juga dilakukan pada daging yang telah dilakukan food prossesing atau pengolahan makanan dengan metode penggorengan. Aktivitas 210Po mengalami penurunan sebesar 30% sampai 64% setelah dilakukan proses penggorengan. Daily intake untuk kelima jenis sampel berbeda-beda, untuk ikan belanak sebesar 0,099 Bq, ikan bawal hitam sebesar 0,110 Bq, ikan kembung sebesar 0,253 Bq, ikan bawal putih sebesar 0,323 Bq, dan ikan tenggiri sebesar 0,451 Bq, sedangkan untuk dosis asupan tahunan sebesar 4,359 x 10-5 sv / tahun sampai 19,7798 x 10-5 sv / tahun dan Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) sebesar 4,785 x 10-5 sampai 21,713 x 10-5. Hasil ini menunjukan bahwa kelima biota uji masih tergolong aman untuk dikonsumsi.

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In this research, a study of 210Po radionuclides found in biota and an analysis of 210Po radionuclide accumulation in biotas based on their trophic levels were performed. The biota used in this study were mullet (Mugil dussumieri), black pomfret (Parastromateus niger), mackerel (Restrelliger kanagurta), white pomfret (Pampus argenteus), and mackerel (Scomberomorus commersonii) obtained from Muara Kamal, Teluk Jakarta. Analysis of 210Po activity was carried out on the meat, head, and digestive system of the experimental biota. The highest distribution of 210Po activity was found in the digestive system, followed by head and meat. Analysis of 210Po activity was also carried out on meat biota after food processing by frying.  210Po activity decreased by 30% to 64% after a frying process. Daily intake of 210Po for each five samples were different, for mullet fish was 0.099 Bq, black pomfret was 0.110 Bq, mackerel was 0.253 Bq, white pomfret was 0.323 Bq, and mackerel fish was 0.451 Bq, value for annual intake dose  from 4,359 x 10-5 sv / year to 19,7798 x 10-5 sv / year and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR)  from 4,785 x 10-5 to 21,713 x 10-5. Therefore, five biotas specimen are safe to be consumed."

"The influence of application of standard internal method in the determination of elements Cr and Ni in zarcaloy 2 has been done by emission spectrometer technique..."

"The comparison of automatic and manual methods analysis in determining Cs-137 isotope using gamma - spectrometer. The analysis of radioactive isotopes commanly used by Gamma Spectrometer...."

"The National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) has one dedicated spectrometer for inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The instrument is a thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer known as SN1. SN1 was installed in 1992 in the experimental hall of G. A. Siwabessy Research Reactor, Serpong, Banten. Malfunctions of the hardware and software have prevented the instrument from performing inelastic scattering measurements since 1996. The 2011-2015 five years project has been initiated to revitalize and optimize the SN1. The project serves as a preparation for the utilization of SN1 for the investigation of lattice dynamics, spin wave and magnetic excitations in condensed matters that will be started in 2016. In 2013, SN1 has successfully been repaired and was able to measure phonon dispersion relation of available single crystals, i.e., Cu, pyrolytic graphite (PG), Ge, and Al. In 2015, the first experiment on magnetic excitation to investigate magnon dispersion relation of a known Fe single crystal has been carried out. Standard methods of inelastic scattering measurements, i.e., a constant-energy transfer hω with either fixed final neutron energy Ef = 14.7 meV or fixed incoming neutron energy Ei = 30.59 meV, and a constant momentum transfer Q with fixed incoming neutron energy Ei = 30.59 meV, were applied to measure the low-energy magnetic excitations. For fixed Ef measurement, a 5-cm thick PG filter was set between the sample and the analyzer to eliminate λ/n harmonics. To limit the energy and momentum spreads of the beam, collimations of 40 minutes were applied before and after the sample. The spin waves were measured along the three principal symmetry directions of [00ζ], [ζζ0], and [ζζζ]. The measured magnons were compared to values in reference and were found to be in a good agreement with them. With such accomplishments, we are convinced that SN1 is now ready for its inelastic scattering application and will become one of BATAN’s neutron instrument which is routinely utilized for materials characterization on lattice dynamics and magnetic excitations by local and foreign scientists. Besides reporting the SN1 first measured magnon, the current status of SN1 instrument development will also be presented briefly."