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"Pendahuluan dan tujuan: Kanker penis merupakan keganasan yang jarang terjadi dan berpotensi mematikan dengan insidensi 0,6-2,1 per 100.000. Karsinoma sel skuamosa (SqCC) adalah keganasan penis yang paling sering ditemukan. PD-L1 adalah penanda tumor yang ikut menstimulasi reseptor PD-1 untuk menekan imunitas antitumor yang dimediasi oleh sel T. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif dengan metode pengambilan sampel total. Slide yang diambil dari biopsi tujuh puluh enam pasien pria dari Rumah Sakit Haji Adam Malik yang didiagnosis dengan karsinoma sel skuamosa penis yang telah menjalani biopsi penis diperiksa ulang untuk penelitian ini, dan kadar PD-L1 diukur. Metode statistik digunakan untuk menilai hubungan antara kadar PD-L1 dan stadium SqCC. Hasil: Sebanyak 76 pasien pria menjadi subjek penelitian ini. PD-L1 positif diidentifikasi pada 25 pasien dengan intensitas +1 pada 10 pasien (13,2%), +2 pada 7 pasien (9,2) dan intensitas +3 pada 8 pasien (10,5%). Terdapat 36 pasien (47,4%) yang didiagnosis dengan stadium T3 SqCC, 35 pasien (46,1%) dengan stadium N2 SqCC, dan 10 pasien (13,2%) dengan stadium M1 SqCC. Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara ekspresi PD-L1 dan metastasis (p=0,022). Namun, tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara ekspresi PD-L1 dan tumor stadium N (p=0,167). Kesimpulan: PD-L1 diekspresikan secara tinggi pada SqCC penis stadium lanjut (32,9%), yang dikaitkan dengan fitur klinikopatologis berisiko tinggi dan hasil klinis yang buruk. Temuan ini menunjukkan potensi penggunaan imunoterapi dalam pengobatan SqCC penis stadium lanjut.

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Introduction: Penile cancer is a rare malignancy and potentially lethal disease with an incidence of 0,6-2,1 per 100.000. Squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is the most commonly found penile malignancy. PD-L1 is a tumor marker that co-stimulates the receptor PD-1 to suppress T-cell- mediated antitumor immunity. Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort study with a total sampling method. The slides taken from the biopsies of seventy-six male patients from Haji Adam Malik Hospital diagnosed with penile squamous cell carcinoma who have already undergone penile biopsy were re-examined for this study, and PD-L1 levels were measured accordingly. Statistical methods were used to assess the association between PD-L1 levels and with SqCC stage. Results: A total of 76 male patients are the subjects of this study. PD-L1 positivity is identified in 25 patients with +1 intensity in 10 patients (13,2%), +2 in 7 patients (9,2) and +3 intensity in 8 patients (10,5%). There are 36 patients (47,4%) diagnosed with stage T3 SqCC, 35 patients (46,1%) with stage N2 SqCC, and 10 patients (13,2%) with stage M1 SqCC. There is significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and metastasis (p=0,022). However, there is no significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and stage N tumor (p=0,167). Conclusion: PD-L1 highly expressed in advanced stage penile SqCC (32.9%), which is associated with the high-risk clinicopathologic features and poor clinical outcomes. These findings showed a potential usage of immunotherapy in advanced penile SqCC treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan fitur radiologisnya seperti ukuran, lokasi, tepi nodul, serta adanya kavitas dan air bronchogram intratumoral, CT scan dapat membantu membedakan antara adenokarsinoma (AK) dan karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS). CT scan merupakan modalitas non invasif. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran radiologi pada subtipe AK dan KSS paru menggunakan CT toraks sebagai alat bantu dalam mendiagnosis karsinoma paru. Metode: Dilakukan evaluasi CT scan berupa lokasi, kavitas dan airbronchogram intratumoral, tepi tumor dan densitas tumor pada 31 subjek AK dan 16 subjek KSS yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan uji Chi Square atau Fisher. Analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan analisis regresi logistik. Hasil: Proporsi tumor AK lebih banyak berlokasi di perifer, sedangkan KSS lebih banyak di sentral. Kavitas intratumoral lebih sering bermanifestasi pada KSS dibandingkan AK. Tepi berspikulasi lebih banyak terlihat pada AK dibandingkan KSS. Air bronchogram dan lesi subsolid lebih sering bermanifestasi pada AK. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada variabel densitas tumor di mana lesi subsolid lebih sering bermanifestasi pada AK dibandingkan KSS.

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Background: Based on its radiological features such as size, location, nodule margins, as well as the presence of intratumoral cavities and air bronchograms, CT scans can aid in distinguishing between adenocarcinoma (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma (KSS). CT scans are a non-invasive modality. Objective: To assess the radiological characteristics of lung cancer subtypes AK and KSS using thoracic CT scans as a diagnostic tool. Methods: CT scans were evaluated for location, intratumoral cavities, air bronchograms, tumor margins, and tumor density in 31 AK subjects and 16 KSS subjects who met the study's criteria. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square or Fisher's test. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. Results: The proportion of AK tumors is more often located in the periphery, whereas KSS tumors tend to be more central. Intratumoral cavities are more frequent in KSS than AK. Spiculated margins are more common in AK than KSS. Air bronchograms and subsolid lesions are more frequent in AK. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in tumor density, with subsolid lesions being more common in AK than in KSS."

"At this time there is an increasing demand for an accurate pre operative staging in non small cell lung cancer. Chest Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the imaging modality of choice used for this purpose. This study evaluated the accuracy of the chest CT to determine the status of tumor and nodules in non small cell lung cancer. During the years 1998 and 1999 a descriptive prospective study of 32 patients undergoing a contact enhanced chest CT examination for non small cell lung cancer, stage I-IIIA, was conducted. Lobectomy, lu\ymph nodes dissection and postoperatice histo-pathological examination were done. CT findings were as followas a sensitivity of 100% , a specificity of 25% and an accuracy of 60% in the detection of the nodule stage were found. In 17 patients with adeno-carcinoma, the sensitivity, the specificity and the accuracy were 86.6%, 100% dan 88.2% respectively. The diagnosis of all patients was conformed histo-pathologically. Six patients with T2 dan 26 patients with T3 were detected by chest CT; the accuracy of the tumor status was 93.7% confirmed by surgical and histo-pathological examinations. It was concluded that th CT played an important role in determining the clinical stage of non small cell lung cancer. The specificity and accuracy were higher in adeno-carcinoma as compare with squamous cell carcinoma in detecting the nodal status."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker serviks merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian tertinggi dari seluruh kasus keganasan di Indonesia. Salah satu penyebab tingginya angka kematian adalah pasien baru mulai mencari pengobatan pada stadium lanjut. Radioterapi tunggal dapat digunakan sebagai tatalaksana kanker serviks stadium lanjut pada pasien yang tidak dapat mentoleransi efek samping kemoterapi. Tetapi, pasien dengan kanker serviks menunjukkan respon yang beragam terhadap radioterapi.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara densitas CD8+ TILs pada kanker< serviks dengan respon terhadap radioterapi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kasus kontrol. Kelompok respon radiasi komplet sebagai kasus dan kelompok populasi respon radiasi tidak komplet sebagai kelompok kontrol. Populasi penelitian adalah pasien yang telah didiagnosis sebagai karsinoma sel skuamosa serviks di Departemen Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM dari tanggal 1 Januari 2016 hingga 31 Desember 2021, menerima radioterapi definitif di Departemen Onkologi Radiasi RSCM, dan memiliki data respon radioterapi yang lengkap. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara konsekutif. Data dianalisis secara statistik untuk menilai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi respon radiasi.Hasil: Didapatkan 40 kasus KSS serviks stadium IIIB yang terdiri atas 20 kasus dengan respon radiasi komplet dan 20 kasus dengan respon radiasi tidak komplet. Median densitas CD8+ iTILs pada kelompok yang mengalami respon komplet lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak mengalami respon komplet (1099 sel/mm2 vs 920,27 sel/mm2, p = 0,035) Nilai titik potong yang direkomendasikan untuk memprediksi respon terhadap radioterapi adalah 959,32 sel/mm2. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara ukuran tumor, derajat diferensiasi, dan keratinisasi terhadap respon terhadap radioterapi.Kesimpulan: Densitas CD8+ iTILs yang lebih tinggi berhubungan dengan respon terhadap radioterapi pada pasien KSS serviks stadium IIIB.

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Background: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death related to malignancies. One of the contributing factor toward this high mortality rate is that patients are usually diagnosed at an already advanced stage. Radiotherapy can be used as a treatment for advanced cervical patients who cannot tolerate the side effects of chemotherapy. However, patients with cervical cancer show mixed responses to radiotherapy.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the association between CD8+ TILs density in advanced stage cervical cancer and its response to radiotherapy.

Methods: This is a case-control study. The study population were patients diagnosed with stage IIIB uterine cervix squamous cell carcinoma at the Department of Anatomical Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (FMUI)/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH) from January 1st, 2016 up to December 31st, 2021, who received definitive radiotherapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology FMUI/CMH, and had complete radiotherapy response data. Patients with complete response are classified as the response group and those with incomplete response are classified as the control group. Sampling is done consecutively. The data were statistically analyzed to assess the factors influencing radiation response.

Results: Forty cases of stage IIIB uterine cervix squamous cell carcinoma were selected, consisting of 20 cases with complete radiation response and 20 cases with incomplete response. The median CD8+ iTILs density in the complete response group was higher than in the incomplete response group (1099 cells/mm2vs 920,27 cells/mm2, p: 0,035). The recommended cut-off point for predicting radiotherapy response was 959,32 cells/mm2. No statistically significant relationship was found between tumor size, degree of differentiation, and keratinization on response to radiotherapy.

Conclusion: Higher CD8+ iTILs density was associated with better response to radiotherapy in stage IIIB uterine cervix squamous cell carcinoma."

"Latar belakang: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) merupakan marker sel punca kanker serviks yang menunjukkan karakteristik radioresisten. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan ALDH1 terhadap respon radiasi karsinoma sel skuamosa serviks stadium IIIB.Metode: Sebanyak 58 sampel dari 360 pasien yang didiagnosis karsinoma sel skuamosa serviks stadium IIIB yang mendapat radiasi lengkap periode 2016 – 2021 di RSCM memenuhi kriteria eligibilitas subjek penelitian ini. Pemeriksaan MRI pra-radiasi dan pasca radiasi serta ekspresi ALDH dengan imunohistokimiawi (Santa Cruz®) dilakukan pada 58 sampel blok paraffin. Respon terapi dinilai pada 3 bulan setelah radiasi. Kami membandingkan respon terapi komplet yang dihasilkan pada ekspresi ALDH rendah dan ekspresi ALDH tinggi. Analisis dilakukan dengan software SPSS.Hasil: Nilai titik potong optimal skor ALDH terhadap respon radiasi adalah 166,05 pg/mL yang diperoleh dari analisis kurva ROC. Nilai AUC menunjukkan hasil 0.682 dengan sensitivitas 63,6% dan spesifisitas 64,0%. Skor ALDH ≥166,05 meningkatkan risiko hingga 3,1 kali untuk tidak tercapainya respon komplet (adj OR 3,127, IK 95% 1,034 – 9,456, p = 0,043). Ukuran tumor pre-radiasi (p = 0,593), derajat diferensiasi (p = 0,161), kelainan ginjal pre-radiasi (0,114), dan keratinisasi (p = 0,477) tidak berhubungan dengan respon radiasi.Kesimpulan: Ekspresi ALDH yang tinggi berhubungan dengan respon radiasi tidak komplet pada karsinoma sel skuamosa serviks stadium IIIB. Pasien dengan skor ALDH ≥ 166,05 meningkatkan risiko tidak tercapainya respon komplet hingga 3,1 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan subjek dengan skor ALDH < 166,05.

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Background: ALDH is cancer stem cell marker that has radioresistance characteristic. This study aims to determine the association between ALDH1 and the radiation response of stage IIIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods: A total 58 of 360 patients diagnosed with stage IIIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma who received complete radiation during 2016-2021 at the RSCM met the eligibility criteria for this study. Pre- and post-irradiation MRI examinations and ALDH expression with immunohistochemistry (Santa Cruz®) were performed on 58 paraffin block samples. Therapy response was assessed at 3 months after radiation. We compared the complete response resulting in low and high ALDH expression. The analysis was carried out with SPSS software.

Results: The optimal ALDH score cut-off point on the radiation response was 166.05 pg/mL which was obtained from the analysis of the ROC curve. The AUC value was 0.682 with sensitivity and specificity, 63,6% and 64%, respectively. ALDH score ≥166.05 increased the risk by 2.7 times for not achieving the complete response (OR = 2,656, IK 95% 0,844 – 8,356, p = 0,095). Pre-radiation tumor size (p = 0.593), degree of differentiation (p = 0.161), renal abnormalities (p = 0.114), and keratinization (p = 0.477) were not associated with radiation response.

Conclusions: High ALDH expression was associated with incomplete radiation response in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix stage IIIB"

"Latar belakang Kanker rongga mulut dan mulut (termasuk karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut/KSSRM) secara kolektif tetap menjadi kanker paling umum ke-16 di dunia. Karena kecenderungan stadium lanjut selama diagnosis, kelangsungan hidup pasien KSSRM sangat buruk. Tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) yang diekspresikan diperkirakan mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup pasien KSSRM, termasuk CD8 + dan TIL lainnya. Tujuan Untuk menentukan ekspresi CD8+ dan TILs dalam sel KSSRM dan hubungannya dengan overall survival (OS) dan progression-free survival (PFS) pasien KSSRM. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan analisis kelangsungan hidup dengan menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif pada pasien KSSRM yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia, dari Januari 2017 hingga Desember 2021. Kriteria inklusi penelitian adalah pasien KSSRM dengan diagnosis histopatologi, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien dengan data yang tidak lengkap atau tidak tersedianya sampel. Ekspresi CD8+ dan TIL diukur melalui perhitungan manual pada program Image J® pada pewarnaan imunohistokimia. OS dan PFS dianalisis menggunakan grafik Kaplan-Meier dan analisis cox-regression. Hasil Sebanyak 42 subjek dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Rata-rata OS adalah 10,83+1,268 bulan, sedangkan rata-rata PFS adalah 9,74+1,229 bulan. OS 2 tahun adalah 21,4%, sedangkan PFS adalah 19%. Ekspresi CD8+ yang lebih tinggi terkait dengan OS dan PFS yang lebih baik, sedangkan ekspresi TIL yang lebih tinggi terkait dengan PFS yang lebih baik. Kesimpulan. Ekspresi CD8+ dan TIL yang lebih tinggi dalam sel kanker terkait dengan kesintasan yang lebih baik pada pasien KSSRM.

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Background Oral cavity and mouth cancer (including oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) collectively remain the 16th most prevalent cancer in the world. Due to the tendency of advanced stage during diagnosis, the survival of OCSCC patients is abysmal. The connection of OCSCC and expressed tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) is thought to affect the survivability of the OCSCC patients, including CD8+ and other TILs. Aim To determine the expression of CD8+ and TILs in OCSCC cells and their relationship with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of OCSCC patients. Methods This study is a survival analysis using retrospective cohort design on OCSCC patients who came to Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Indonesia, from January 2017 to December 2021. The inclusion criterion of the study was OCSCC patients with histopathological diagnosis, while the exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete data or unavailability of the samples. The expression of CD8+ and TILs were measured by manual counting of cells using ImageJ® on immunohistochemistry staining. The OS and PFS were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier graph and cox-regression analysis. Result A total of 42 subjects were included in this study. The average OS was 10.83+1.268 months, while the average PFS was 9.74+1.229 months. The 2-years OS was 21.4%, while PFS was 19%. Higher CD8+ expression was related to better OS and PFS, while higher expressed TILs was related to better PFS. Conclusion Higher CD8+ and TILs expressions in cancer cells are related to better survivability in OCSCC patients. "

"Pendahuluan: Gen Interleukin 6 IL-6 merupakan gen yang mengkode protein sitokin yang menjaga homeostasis imun dan memainkan peran penting dalam inflamasi dan patogenesis berbagai penyakit. Dalam beberapa penelitian sebelumnya, polimorfisme pada promoter gen IL-6 dibuktikan memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan risiko terjadinya karsinoma sel skuamosa regio kepala dan leher. Tujuan: Mendeteksi polimorfisme gen IL-6 -174G/C pada penderita karsinoma sel skuamosa populasi Indonesia. Metode: Metode PCR-RFLP dilakukan pada 85 sampel penderita KSSKL dengan enzim restriksi Nla III yang divisualisasi dengan elektroforesis. Hasil: Polimorfisme gen IL-6 -174G/C ditemukan pada sampel yang diteliti sebesar 2.3. Kesimpulan: Polimorfisme genetik interleukin 6 meningkatkan risiko KSSKL di populasi Indonesia.

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Introduction: Interleukin 6 IL 6 gene encodes a cytokine protein which maintains immune homeostasis and plays essential roles in inflammation and diseases rsquo pathogenesis. In previous studies, polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene promoter was found significantly associated with the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk.

Objectives: To detect the polymorphism of IL 6 174G C in Indonesian head and neck squamous cell carcinoma HNSCC patients.

Methods: PCR RFLP method was used to analyze 85 samples of HNSCC patients, using Nla III restriction enzyme and the results were visualized by electrophoresis.

Results: IL 6 174G C gene polymorphisms were found in the studied samples 2.3 .

Conclusion: IL 6 174G C gene polymorphisms increased the risk of HNSCC in Indonesian population."

"LATAR BELAKANG: Salah satu penyebab kematian bagi penderita kanker pada wanita adalah kanker serviks. Secara histopatologik kanker leher rahim yang banyak ditemukan adalah jenis karsinoma sel skuamosa. Pada penelitian diteliti beberapa faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan karsinoma sel skuamosa.METODE: Desain studi ialah kasus-kontrol dengan subyek penderita kanker leher rahim jenis karsinoma sel skuamosa berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopatologik yang datang ke RSUPNCM Jakarta dan belum mendapatkan pengobatan.HASIL: Dari 302 wanita penderita kanker leher rahim jenis karsinoma sel skuamosa yang diteliti terdapat 34,4% pada golongan umur 52 tahun sampai 62 tahun yang memiliki risiko tinggi, dengan rasio odd suaian (OR) 24,05 dan 95% interval kepercayaan 6,34 ; 91,24. Umumnya wanita berpendidikan tingkat SD dan wanita tidak sekolah memiliki risiko tinggi dibandingkan dengan wanita yang berpendidikan SMP ke atas, dengan rasio odd suaian berturut-turut 17,97 dan 12,91 dan 95% interval kepercayaan berturut-turut 2,82 ; 114,66 dan 1,96 ; 84,92. Jenis kontrasepsi yang digunakan yang dapat meningkatkan risiko adalah kontrasepsi hormonal jika dibandingkan dengan yang tidak memakai kontrasepsi, dengan rsio odd suaian 2,83 dan 95% interval kepercayaan 1,34 ; 6,00.KESIMPULAN: Pada penelitian ini terlihat bahwa faktor-faktor risiko dominan yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya kanker leher rahim jenis karsinoma sel skuamosa adalah umur yang lebih tua, tingkat pendidikan rendah dan penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal.

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Risk Factors of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital Jakarta 1997-1998BACKGROUND: Mortality of cervical cancer is highest among cancer in women. The histological type of cervical cancer is mostly squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to show the risk factors of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.METHOD: The design is a case control study carried out in patients from Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital Jakarta during 1997-1998 confirmed histologically with cervical squamous cell carcinoma, who has not started any treatment.RESULT: From 302 women with squamous cell carcinoma of cervix examined, the high risk groups were found to be as follows : 1) 52-62 year age group (34,4%) with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 24,05 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6,34 ; 91,24 2) low education level, elementary 1 no education compare with women with higher education level showed adjusted odds ratio (OR) 17,97 and 12,91, and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2,82 ; 114,66 and 1,96 ; 84,92 3) hormonal contraception compared with those who didn't use any contraception showed adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2,83 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1,34 ; 6,00.CONCLUSION: This study showed that older age group, low education and hormonal contraception were dominant risk factors of cervical squamous cell-carcinoma."

"Kanker serviks merupakan kanker tersering kedua di dunia pada perempuan, namun merupakan kanker tersering di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia kanker serviks menjadi masalah besar karena kebanyakan pasien datang pada stadium lanjut, padahal stadium mempengaruhi pilihan terapi dan angka harapan hidup pasien. Tujuan: untuk mengetahui jumlah kasus baru, karakteristik, dan korelasi antara stadium dengan usia penderita kanker serviks di Departemen Patologi Anatomi RSCM pada tahun 2007. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang pada data pasien kanker serviks di Departemen Patologi Anatomi RSCM tahun 2007 dengan uji non-parametrik korelasi Spearman (p<0.05). Hasil: jumlah kasus baru kanker serviks di Departemen Patologi Anatomi RSCM tahun 2007 adalah 540 dengan subjek penelitian berusia antara 22-92 tahun, rata-rata usia 48,46 tahun dan simpang deviasi sebesar 9.237. Puncak sebaran usia penderita kanker serviks ada pada rentang 45-54 tahun (39%). Frekuensi tertinggi stadium kanker serviks adalah stadium IIIB. Persentase penderita kanker serviks di bawah 50 tahun pada stadium I adalah 69.5%, stadium II 59.9%, stadium III 51.2%, dan stadium IV 42,9%. Gambaran histopatologi terbanyak adalah karsinoma sel skuamosa (64,4%). Terdapat korelasi positif lemah (r 0.140) yang bermakna (p 0.001) antara stadium dengan usia pada penderita kanker serviks di Departemen Patologi Anatomi RSCM tahun 2007. Kesimpulan: semakin lanjut usia semakin tinggi stadium kanker serviks yang terdiagnosis.

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Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer found among woman worldwide, the first in developing countries. In Indonesia, cervical cancer has become major problem since most patients seek medical attention in their late stages; although, best medical treatment and survival rate depend on which stages they are in. Objective: to acknowledge the number of most recent diagnosed cervical cancer’s cases along with their characteristics, and the correlations among it stages and the age of people who have suffered by it particularly in the Department of Pathology and Anatomy in RSCM in the year of 2007. Methods: based on data (2007) from RSCM’s Department of Pathology and Anatomy, this research was conducted by using cross-sectional method with Spearman correlation (p< 0.05). Result: this research indicates that the number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer in the RSCM’s Department of Pathology and Anatomy for the year of 2007 has reached 540 new cases among the age of 22-92 years old. The average of women diagnosed with cervical cancer is 48.46 years old (SD 9.237). The highest number of cases was found in women with a group of age of 45-54 tahun (39%). From all the data that were derived, it was found that stage IIIB has the highest frequency. The percentage of patients below 50 years old diagnosed with stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV respectively are 69.5%, 59.9%, 51.2%, and 42.9%. Histopathologically, squamous cell carcinoma was the dominant one (64.4%). Based on this research, there is a weak positive correlation (r 0.140; p 0.001) between cervical cancer stages and the age of patients. Conclusion: high stages of cervical cancer were found significantly in older women."

"Kitosan merupakan suatu turunan kitin yang memiliki efek anti kanker. Dalam penelitiaan ini, akan diuji efek kitosan terhadap HSC-4, yang berupa galur sel kanker skuamosa mulut, dan A-549, yang berupa galur adenokarsinoma paruparu, dalam medium kultur. Kedua jenis sel kanker dipajan dengan kitosan pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; 0,005%; 0,25%; dan 0,5%. Viabillitas sel akan dilihat setelah empat jam pemaparan menggunakan metode MTT assay. Viabilitas kedua jenis sel lebih tinggi pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; dan 0,005% serta lebih rendah pada konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kitosan dengan konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% mempunyai efek paling sitotoksik terhadap kedua jenis sel.

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Chitosan is derivate of chitin that has anticancer effect. This present study examined the anticancer effect of chitosan against HSC-4, which is oral squamous cell carcinoma, and A-549, which is lung adenocarcinoma, in vitro. Both cancer cells were exposed to chitosan, each with 0.0005%; 0.0025%; 0,005%; 0.25%; and 0.5% concentration. Cell viability was read after four hours with MTT assay. Both cancer cells were more viable at 0.0005%; 0.0025%; and 0.005% concentration; at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration were less viable than control. These result suggest that chitosan at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration have the most cytotoxic effect on both cells."