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"State-owned banks could help stabilize the business cycle if their lending is less procyclical. Such behavior might be driven by stronger reaction to monetary policy, which is likely influenced by government pressure or jawboning. This study investigates the effect of state ownership on lending cyclicality and monetary policy transmission using quarterly bank-level data covering virtually all conventional banks in Indonesia, where centrally state-owned banks are dominant and frequently subject to jawboning. State ownership is found to be associated with lower procyclicality in lending, even countercylicality by some measures, with the effect more pronounced during downcycles compared to upcycles. This might be explained by countercyclicality on their deposit side, which implies that state-owned banks are perceived to be more secure. Finally, there is some evidence that state-owned banks respond more to policy rate, which offers a novel explanation behind their lower procyclicality. These results affirm that some degree of state ownership in the banking system is beneficial for macroeconomic stability.

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Bank BUMN dapat membantu menstabilkan siklus bisnis jika penyaluran kredit mereka tidak begitu prosiklikal. Perilaku tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh reaksi yang lebih kuat terhadap kebijakan moneter, di mana kemungkinan terdapat tekanan politik. Studi ini meneliti dampak dari kepemilikan negara terhadap siklisitas kredit dan transmisi kebijakan moneter menggunakan data triwulanan tingkat bank yang mencakup hampir semua bank umum di Indonesia, di mana bank BUMN sangat dominan dan dipengaruhi oleh agenda pemerintah. Hasilnya mengindikasi bahwa kepemilikan negara berhubungan dengan prosiklisitas yang lebih rendah, bahkan sampai kontrasiklikal, dengan efeknya lebih kuat saat siklus ekonomi sedang turun. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh sisi deposito yang juga kontrasiklikal, misalnya karena bank BUMN dipercaya lebih aman. Terakhir, terdapat indikasi bahwa bank BUMN merespons lebih terhadap suku bunga kebijakan, yang memberikan penjelasan baru di balik prosiklisitas kredit bank BUMN yang lebih rendah. Temuan studi ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemilikan negara di sektor perbankan dapat bermanfaat bagi stabilitas makroekonomi."

"ABSTRACTWe examine the impact of foreign presence on domestic banks performance by studying conventional commercial banks in Indonesia. We use monthly financial information of 97 commercial banks from 2003 through 2013 resulting in 8,600 observations. We use a panel data regression (Panel Least Square method) to test our hypotheses. Our results show that overall, foreign presence decreases the performance of domestic banks. Going deeper, we find that foreign presence reduces state-owned banks profitability as well as private domestic banks profitability. However, there is no significant effect of foreign presence on the performance of regional development banks. Little evidence found on the effect of foreign presence on overhead cost."

"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) telah menjadi gagasan luas di pasar global. Pemerintah Indonesia mendorong Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) mewujudkan Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) melalui Program Tanggung Jawab Sosial Lingkungan (TJSL) yang disahkan Peraturan Menteri PER-05/MBU/04/2021. Sebagai Bank Himbara, Bank Mandiri, Bank Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), dan Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN) secara konsisten menunjukkan prestasinya dalam program-program CSR. Tujuan penelitian ini mengeksplorasi pengaruh empat dimensi CSR yakni Philanthropy Responsibility, Ethical Responsibility, Legal Responsibility, dan Economic Responsibility terhadap Brand Equity (BE) dengan peran mediasi Corporate Image (CI) dan Trust (TR). Metode Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) dengan disjoint two-stage approach digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis dengan 393 sampel nasabah milenilal dan z Bank BUMN di seluruh Indonesia. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa CSR tidak memiliki pengaruh langsung yang signifikan terhadap BE. Sementara itu, TR dan CI secara positif dan signifikan memediasi pengaruh antara CSR dan BE. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa praktik CSR yang berhasil akan meningkatkan citra bank di benak nasabah. Nasabah merasa bahwa mereka berkontribusi secara sosial karena menerima layanan dari organisasi yang bertanggung jawab secara sosial. Praktik CSR menciptakan kepercayaan nasabah terhadap layanan keuangan bank. Oleh karena itu, reputasi dan kepercayaan berkontribusi dalam membangun BE bagi perusahaan.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a widespread notion in the global market. The Government of Indonesia encourages State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) to realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan (TJSL) which has been approved by Ministerial Regulation PER-05/MBU/04/2021. As BUMN’s Bank, Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), and Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN) consistently show their achievements in CSR programs. The purpose of this study explores the influence of four dimensions of CSR namely Philanthropy Responsibility, Ethical Responsibility, Legal Responsibility, and Economic Responsibility on Brand Equity (BE) with the mediating role of Corporate Image (CI) and Trust (TR). The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with a two-stage disjoint approach was used to test the hypothesis with 393 samples of millennial customers and z state-owned banks throughout Indonesia. The results of the study show that CSR does not have a significant direct effect on BE. Meanwhile, TR and CI positively and significantly mediate the effect between CSR and BE. This finding developed that successful CSR practices will improve the bank's image in the minds of customers. Customers feel that they are contributing socially by receiving services from socially responsible organizations. CSR practices create customer trust in bank financial services. Therefore, reputation and trust contribute to building BE for the company.

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"This thesis investigates the dynamics of bank lending in Indonesia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on a comparative analysis between state-owned and private commercial banks. The study aims to determine whether bank credit lending increased post-pandemic compared to during the pandemic, and to examine differences in lending behaviour between these two bank categories. Utilizing quarterly panel data from 77 commercial banks spanning 2020 to 2024, this research employs System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression to address endogeneity and provide robust empirical findings. Results confirm a significant rise in credit growth after the pandemic, with private banks exhibiting more aggressive lending expansion than state- owned banks. Conversely, state-owned banks demonstrated more stable, countercyclical lending patterns during the pandemic, reflecting their mandated role in economic stabilization. These findings emphasize the critical role of state-owned banks in maintaining financial stability during crises and highlight divergent lending strategies that influence Indonesia’s economic recovery. Policy implications suggest leveraging state- owned banks’ countercyclical behaviour to support macroeconomic stability and encourage adaptive credit products in private banks to foster sustained growth.

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Skripsi ini mengkaji dinamika penyaluran kredit perbankan di Indonesia selama dan setelah pandemi COVID-19, dengan fokus pada analisis komparatif antara bank umum milik negara (BUMN) dan bank umum swasta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penyaluran kredit meningkat pada periode pasca-pandemi dibandingkan dengan saat pandemi, serta menelusuri perbedaan perilaku penyaluran kredit antara kedua kategori bank tersebut. Dengan menggunakan data panel triwulanan dari 77 bank umum selama periode 2020 hingga 2024, penelitian ini menerapkan metode regresi System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) untuk mengatasi permasalahan endogenitas dan menghasilkan temuan empiris yang kuat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam pertumbuhan kredit pasca-pandemi, di mana bank swasta menunjukkan ekspansi kredit yang lebih agresif dibandingkan bank BUMN. Sebaliknya, bank publik menunjukkan pola penyaluran kredit yang lebih stabil dan bersifat countercyclical selama pandemi, mencerminkan peran mandatnya dalam menstabilkan perekonomian. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya peran bank BUMN dalam menjaga stabilitas keuangan di masa krisis, serta menunjukkan adanya perbedaan strategi penyaluran kredit yang mempengaruhi pemulihan ekonomi Indonesia. Implikasi kebijakan yang disarankan adalah memanfaatkan perilaku countercyclical bank BUMN untuk mendukung stabilitas makroekonomi, serta mendorong pengembangan produk kredit adaptif pada bank swasta guna mendorong pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan."