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"Acacia catechu (Sha)-bearing forests are the primary sources of cutch, a tannin extract from the heartwood of Sha trees. Sha forests in Myanmar are managed for cutch production, and tree harvesting for cutch is regulated by an official diameter limit (ODL, 30 cm DBH [diameter at breast height]). We explored sustainable Sha forest management for cutch production through stand inventory surveys and informal interviews with locals and forest managers. We compared Sha forests with six different official harvest histories and assessed seedlings and saplings as well as the size and species of harvested stumps and remaining trees. We found that the forest understory was disturbed by surface fire, and all Sha seedlings and saplings < 1.7 m in height showed post-fire marks. We observed a regeneration gap between 1.7 m and 2.7 m, which might indicate the flame height of the surface fire. The “illegal” harvest exceeded the official harvest; only 5% of the harvested stumps were found to be larger than the ODL. Local harvesting of cutch appeared to be limited by the stem diameter required for heartwood formation (15 cm DBH). Stump data revealed that the forests were utilized not only for cutch but also for other purposes, including fuel and timber. Despite fire and local harvesting, local forest utilization patterns appear to be reasonable, although they are illegal. Implementing fire control and community management of forests along with clear definition of property rights could help in sustainably managing Sha forests for cutch production."

"Permasalahan utama pada perusahaan migas di Indonesia adalah masalah kebakaran dan ledakan. Sebanyak 74% kecelakaan terjadi pada kilang minyak, terminal, dan tangki penyimpanan minyak; 85% kecelakaan dikarenakan kebakaran dan ledakan.Stasiun Pengumpul Utama merupakan aset yang penting bagi PT Pertamina EP Pertamina Region Jawa Field Jatibarang karena tangki-tangki penyimpanan yang ada di area tersebut menyimpan minyak mentah. Jika terjadi kebakaran dan ledakan di area tersebut PT Pertamina akan mengalami kerugian besar.Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu kajian pre-fire planning pada area SPU A. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kebakaran dengan skenario liquid full surface fire menggunakan Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) 5. Desain penelitian dengan menggunakan Deskriptif Kuantitatif. Variabel yang diperhitungkan meliputi: pool fire heat release rate, pool fire burning duration, pool fire flame height, dan radiative incident heat flux. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan radiasi panas yang dihasilkan, jarak antara Tangki A2 dengan tangki-tangki disekitarnya tidak aman. Untuk itu pihak perusahaan perlu mempertimbangkan keefektifan sistem proteksi yang ada dan kecukupan suplai air yang ada di area Stasiun Pengumpul Utama (SPU) A tersebut.

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The main problem in oil and gas company at Indonesia is fire and explosion problem. 74% of accidents occurred in petroleum refineries, oil terminals or storage; fire and explosion account for 85% of the accidents. Stasiun Pengumpul Utama (SPU) A is an important asset for PT Pertamina EP Region Jawa Field Jatibarang because of storage tanks at that area contains crude oil. If fire and explosion occurred on that area, PT Pertamina EP will suffer a great loss. Therefore, the company needs assessment of pre-fire planning at SPU A. The purpose of this research is to figure out how big fire with liquid full surface fire scenario using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) 5. This research uses quantitative descriptive method. All variables that had been accounted are pool fire heat release rate, pool fire burning duration, pool fire flame height, and radiant incident heat flux. The result shows that the distance between A2 Tank and other tanks surround it is not safe. For that reason, the company should consider the effectiveness of the existing tank protection system and also water supply at Stasiun Pengumpul Utama (SPU) A."