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"Critic, poet and philosopher Friedrich von Schlegel (1772–1829) was a leading figure of German Romanticism. In the two years before his untimely death, he wrote three cycles of lectures intended as part of a larger project to lay the foundations of a new general philosophy. Two of these cycles, 'Philosophie des Lebens' (given in 1827, published 1828) and 'Philosophie des Sprache und des Wortes' (given in December 1828 and published posthumously), are reissued here in an 1847 English translation. The first presents Schlegel's understanding of philosophy as independent of theology or politics, concerned with the 'inner spiritual life' of humankind. The second explores the nature of communication through language and art. Schlegel argues that full human consciousness cannot be restored by Enlightenment science, but only by divine revelation and redemption. He offers no ready-made solutions, but encourages his listeners to develop their own responses to these questions."

"Literary and epigraphic references to the figure of pañji in Old Javanese texts are analysed, and contextualised with much better known references to the figure of Pañji in Middle Javanese texts. A hypothesis is offered that Old Javanese term pañji is best rendered as 'court-name’. It is argued that young boys from elite families obtained their familiar court-name (pañji) at the very onset of their career at the court, where they served as pages and attendants of the royal family. They were also trained in arms, religious lore, and arts. Being since their childhood close to the king, they were trusted persons, and some of them made careers as high-ranking court officials, such as Dəmung or Kanuruhan. Others, denoted ācārya, were trained as 'masters of divine weapons’, Tantric ritual specialists, who were in charge of the so-called 'divine weaponry’ (diwyāstra), mantra-infused ordinary weapons, an arsenal well-known in Old and Middle Javanese texts. Vestiges of this ritual lore have survived in Java until modern times."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk memverifikasi model struktur topik yang diajukan Lautamatti dengan menerapkannya pada teks berbahasa Inggris bidang asuransi pada pemelajar Indonesia. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk menggambarkan tingkat kesulitan teks berdasarkan struktur topiknya.Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Jumlah sampel penelitian adalah lima buah teks berbahasa Inggris bidang asuransi yang diambil dari majalah The Journal, Asia Insurance Review dan Global Reinsurance. Subjek penelitiannya adalah dua puluh lima orang mahasiswa semester IV Program Studi Asuransi Kerugian, Akademi Asuransi Trisakti Jakarta tahun akademik 1999/2000.Ada tiga temuan pokok dalam penelitian ini. Pertama model struktur topik Lautamatti terbukti secara statistis mempengaruhi pemahamam membaca teks berbahasa Inggris bidang asuransi pada pemelajar Indonesia. Kedua, kombinasi urutan dalam struktur topik mempengaruhi pemahaman membaca pada tingkat kemampuan yang berbeda-beda. Untuk struktur topik yang sederhana (tipe 1 dan tipe 2) umumnya pemelajar mampu memahami dengan baik pada tingkat kemampuan membaca menerapkan. Sementara untuk struktur topik yang remit (tipe 3, tipe 4, dan tipe 5) umumnya pemahaman baru dikuasai dengan baik sampai dengan tingkat kemampuan membaca mengetahui. Ketiga, kemampuan pemelajar dalam menguasai pemarkah kohesif juga turut mempengaruhi pemahaman teks.

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ABSTRACT

This research has two objectives. First, it aims at verifying the model of topical structures proposed by Lautamatti by applying it to English insurance text to Indonesian students. Second, it aims at describing the level of difficulty of the texts analyzed by their topical structures.

The method applied in this research was a descriptive one. The samples of the research were five English insurance texts, taken from three foreign insurance magazines, that is The Journal, Asia Insurance Review and Global Reinsurance, and the subjects of the research were twenty five insurance students of Akademi Asuransi Trisakti Jakarta majoring in General Insurance who were on their fourth semester in the academic year 1999/2000.

There are three main findings in this research. Firstly, the model of topical structures proposed by Lautamatti was proved statistically influencing the reading comprehension of Indonesian students on English insurance texts. Secondly, this model of topical structures influenced their reading comprehension differently. For the simple types (type 1 and type 2), generally the students were able to comprehend well at the level of learning applying. Whereas for the complex types (type 3, type 4, and type 5), generally the students were able to comprehend well at the level of learning knowing. Thirdly, the students' ability in recognizing cohesive markers tended to influence their reading comprehension."