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"This book presents an overview of the ways in which the latest experimental and theoretical nanotechnologies are serving the fields of biotechnology, medicine, and biomaterials. They not only enhance the efficiency of common therapeutics and lower their risks, but thanks to their specific properties, they also provide new capabilities. Nano-scale measurement techniques, such as nano-indentation and nano-scratch methods, could potentially be used to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of both natural tissues and synthetic biomaterials in terms of strength and durability."

"Radionuklida [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu bebas pengemban adalah sediaan radionuklida [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu dengan aktifitas spesifik yang sangat tinggi namun dibutuhkan pemisahan yang sangat sulit untuk memperolehnya. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan metode produksi [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu bebas pengemban dari aktivasi tidak langsung isotop Ytterbium alam menggunakan metode pemisahan kromatografi penukar ion dengan fasa diam resin Dowex W50 X8 dan campuran eluen alpha Hydroxyisobutiric Acid (α-HIBA) dan HCl. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa reaktor nuklir G.A Siwabessy telah mampu menghasilkan [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu sebanyak 296 MBq/10 mg sampel Yb₂O₃. Dua metode pemisahan spesifik diperoleh, pertama dengan menahan radionuklida [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu di dalam resin sedangkan ion dan radionuklida pengotor keluar dari kolom menggunakan campuran eluen HCl 0,25 M dan ɑ-HIBA 0,1 M yang dapat mengeluarkan pengotor [¹⁷⁵Yb]Yb  sekitar 1,6 x 10^-3 % yield/ml dan [¹⁶⁹Yb]Yb sekitar 4,2 % yield/ml. Metode kedua didapatkan dengan menggunakan peningkatan konsentrasi eluen α-HIBA 0,15 M yang menyebabkan [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu keluar dari kolom sedangkan pengotor tetap berada di dalam kolom dengan kemurnian [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu sekitar 81,9 % dan aktifitas spesifik (1,163 GBq/mg). Faktor peningkatan konsentrasi HCl diatas 0,25 M pada eluen menyebabkan penurunan selektifitas pemisahan [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu dari matriks ytterbium. Sedangkan faktor peningkatan temperatur elusi 50 ^oC dapat menaikan selektifitas pemisahan dengan menahan lebih baik [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu di dalam resin.

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No-carrier added [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu radionuclide is a [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu radionuclide preparation with very high specific activity but requires very difficult separation to obtain it. In this research, a carrier-free [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu production method was developed from indirect activation of natural Ytterbium isotopes using an ion exchange chromatography separation method with a Dowex W50 X8 resin and mixed eluent alpha hydroxyisobutyric acid (α-HIBA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The research results showed that the G.A Siwabessy nuclear reactor was able to produce [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu as much as 296 MBq/10 mg Yb₂O₃ sample. Two specific separation methods were obtained, first by retaining the [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu radionuclide in the resin while the impurity ions and radionuclides come out of the column using a mixture of 0.25 M HCl and 0.1 M ɑ-HIBA eluents which can remove [¹⁷⁵Yb]Yb impurities around 1.6 x 10-3 % yield/ml and [¹⁶⁹Yb]Yb around 4.2 % yield/ml. The second method was obtained by using an increase in the eluent concentration of 0.15 M α-HIBA which caused [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu to come out of the column while the impurities remained in the column with a [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu purity of around 81.9% and specific activity (1.163 GBq/mg ). The increasing factor of HCl concentration above 0.25 M in the eluent causes a decrease in the selectivity of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu separation from the ytterbium matrix. Meanwhile, increasing the elution temperature by 50 ^oC can increase separation selectivity by better retaining [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu in the resin."

"Agen theranostic merupakan agen yang berfungsi menggabungkan kemampuan diagnostik dan terapeutik menjadi agen tunggal. Emas radioaktif 198Au sebagai pemancar radiasi ? 961 keV yang mampu membunuh sel kanker dan sinar ? 412 keV yang memberikan citra emas dalam tubuh. Adanya konjugasi agen terapi kanker seperti antibodimonoklonal nimotuzumab dengan nano partikel emas radioaktif yang distabilisasi dengan dendrimer PAMAM G4 dapat secara aktif berinteraksi spesifik dengan sel kanker. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan sintesis konjugat198AuNp-PAMAM G4-nimotuzumab dan kemudian dilakukan uji stabilitas, klirens serta analisa hasil urin dan fesestikus yang telah diinjeksikan konjugat. Stabilitas konjugat198AuNp-PAMAM G4-nimotuzumab dianalisis meliputi pengamatan stabilitas in vitro dengan analisis meliputi pengamatan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, kromatografi lapis tipis KLT, elektroforesis kertas, serta kromatografi filtrasi gel kolom PD-10 sphadex G25 medium memberikan hasil spesifik yang stabil. Total klirens yang diperoleh sekitar 47,38 darikonjugat198AuNP-PAMAM G4-Nimotuzumab yang telah diekskresikan melalui urin 18,26 dan feces 29,11. Urin dan feses tersebut dianalisa dengan SDS-PAGE memberikan yang memberikan spot diatas pita 150 Kd dan menunjukkan berat molekul konjugat. Analisis FTIR urin dan feses dengan menunjukkan gugus fungsi aldehid C=O, gugus alkohol O-H, gugus amina C-N, serta gugus amina N-H yang menandakan adanya konjugat AuNP-PAMAM G4-Nimotuzumab dalam urin maupun feses tikus.

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Therapeutic agents are agents that combine diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into a single agent. Radioactive gold 198Au radiate a radiation transmitter 961 keV that is capable of killing cancer cells and rays 412 keV that provide a golden image in the body. Conjugation cancer therapeutic agents such as monoclonal antibodies nimotuzumab with radioactive gold nanoparticles that is stabilized with G4 PAMAM dendrimer can actively interact specifically with cancer cells. This study begins with the synthesis of the conjugate 198AuNp PAMAM G4 nimotuzumab and then the test of stability, clearance and analysis of the urine and feces of mice that have been injected conjugates. Analysing of Stability conjugate 198AuNp PAMAM G4 nimotuzumab include observation of stability in vitro analysis covering the observation using UV Vis spectrophotometer, thin layer chromatography TLC, electrophoresis paper and gel filtration chromatography column PD 10 sphadex G25 medium that give a specific result which is stable. Total clearance is obtained approximately 47.38 of the conjugate 198AuNP PAMAM G4 nimotuzumab that have been excreted in the urine 18.26 and feces 29.11. Urine and feces were analyzed by SDS PAGE that give spot on the ribbon 150 Kd and show the molecular weight of the conjugate. FTIR analysis of urine and demonstrate the functional groups of aldehyde C O, alcohol group O H, amine group C N, and amine group N H which indicates a conjugate Aunp PAMAM G4 nimotuzumab in the urine and feces of rats."