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Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan pengukuran Dose area Product dan Dose Area Product Rate menggunakan Dose Area Product Meter (DAP meter), Entrance Surface Dose menggunakan Thermoluminiscense (TLD) pada pemeriksaan fluoroskopi dengan obyek phantom akrilik 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm dan 25 cm serta phantom rando dengan fokus pada paru-paru. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan variasi waktu paparan 20 detik, 40 detik, 60 detik, 80 detik, 100 detik dan 120 detik. Untuk phantom akrilik 20 cm dan 25 cm ditambahkan variasi waktu 240 detik. Nilai DAP/mAs yang didapat adalah 0.70, 1.0, 1.4, 1.9 dan 0.83 µGym2/mAs masing-masing untuk phantom akrilik 10, 15 ,20, 25 cm dan phantom rando. Nilai ESD/mAs adalah (32.4±2.2), (35.7±1.5), (85.7±2.3), dan (143.5±10.6) dan (67.4±6.6) µGy /mAs untuk phantom akrilik 10, 15, 20, 25 dan phantom rando. Rasio antara ESD/mAs dengan DAP/mAs adalah (46.2 ± 3.1), (35.2 ± 1.3), (61.0 ± 2.9), 75.6(±5.4), dan (81.0 ± 8.0) untuk phantom akrilik 10, 15 ,20, 25 cm dan phantom rando .Nilai entrance surface dose dan nilai dose area product cenderung mempunyai hubungan yang kuat karena adanya linearitas pada relasi keduanya di setiap variasi ketebalan phantom akrilik dan phantom rando. Nilai entrance surface dose akan meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan nilai dose area product, tapi dari hubungan diantara keduanya tidak dapat dicari nilai yang pasti, sehingga nilai dose area product hanya dapat dipakai untuk memperkirakan dosis entrance surface dan untuk memonitor eksposure terhadap pasien.

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Dose area Product and Dose Area Product Rate have been determined by Dose Area Product Meter (DAP meter), Entrance Surface Dose by Thermoluminiscent dosimeter (TLD) in the fluoroscopy examination of an acrylic phantom 10cm, 15 cm, 20 cm dan 25 cm and rando phantom at lung. Measurement is done by using exposure time variation within 20 ,40, 60 , 80 , 100 and 120 seconds .For acrylic phantom 20 cm and 25 cm in added time variation 240 seconds. The average values of DAP/mAs were 0.70, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.9 µGy-m2/mAs for phantom thickness of 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm, and about 0.83 - 0.84 µGy-m2/mAs for rando phantom. The average values of ESD/mAs were (32.4±2.2), (35.7±1.5), (85.7±2.3), and (143.5±10.6) and (67.4±6.6) µGy /mAs for phantom thickness 10, 15, 20, 25 and rando phantom. The ratio of ESD/mAs to DAP/mAs varied with phantom thickness were (46.2 ± 3.1)/ m2, (35.2 ± 1.3)/ m2, (61.0 ± 2.9)/ m2, 75.6(±5.4) for phantom thickness of 10 , 15, 20 and 25 cm respectively, and (81.0 ± 8.0)/ m2 for rando phantom. The values of entrance surface dose and dose area product have good correlation cause the DAP values correlate linearly with ESD for every phantom thickness and for rando phantom as well. The increase of entrance surface dose values based on the increase of dose area product values, but the relation from both of it can not find the absolute values, so that dose area product is used to estimate entrance surface dose and to monitor the patient exposure.

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DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL AND ITS THICKNESS FOR Cs - 137 GAMMA SOURCE SHEILDING. Its has been determined the sheilding material and its thickness necessarily conducted due to every material will have different half - thickness characteristics, and by the selection a suitable material and its thickness will be obtained....

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Electrically plating or electroplating is one method used to beautify looks fine and also to improve the mechanical properties of the metal. The teksperiment is performed by preparing specimens have been measured with different variations in time for electroplating with a current of 10 amperes at 12 Volts. The results show that the corrosion test specimen electroplating results with the arrest ofO 1889847379 mpy 40 minutes, 30 minutes ofO. 1771731918mpy, 20 minutes by 0.1417385534 mpy, and without coating 0.93298832 mpy. Judging from the results on each specimen corrossion the safest coating coalings with detention is 20 minutes and is the fastest corroded specimens without coating. Hardware test results from each specimen tested showed rising violence in the area coated by electroplating. The test results showed a thick layer on the detention of 40 minutes is the result of sed,memory layers thicker than the initial 30 minutes and 20 minutes.

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[ABSTRAK
Reservoar gas pada lapisan tipis merupakan sesuatu yang menarik untuk dianalisis karena reflektor yang mengalami destruktif apabila berada dibawah tuning thickness atau 1/4λ. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian dengan mencoba preconditioning kembali data PSTM gather yang nantinya akan menjadi input analisis AVO. Peningkatan resolusi dan nilai signal to noise ratio menjadi tujuan dari penelitian ini. Usaha prosesing yang dilakukan adalah proses F-K Filter, Trimming Statics dan Super Gather. Setelah melalui ketiga proses diatas, analisis AVO pun dilakukan dengan metode cross plotting. Hasil preconditioning pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada anomali AVO yang merupakan jenis AVO klas IV. Hasil ini diperkuat dengan metode analisis Cross Plotting pada setiap atribut dari AVO itu sendiri.

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ABSTRACT
Gas reservoir on thin layer is something interested to analyze due to destructive reflector which is below 1/4λ or tuning thickness condition. This research is trying to do re-preconditioning on PSTM gather which will be input of AVO analysis. Increased in resolution and signal to noise ratio become goal of this research. Processing efforts had been done, such as: F-K Filter, Trimming Statics and Super Gather. After all process above, AVO analysis was conducted by using Cross Plotting method. Result of re-preconditioning in this research tells class IV of AVO anomaly. The result is strengthen by analysis method of Cross Plotting which are came from AVO attributes of Cross Plot.;Gas reservoir on thin layer is something interested to analyze due to destructive reflector which is below 1/4λ or tuning thickness condition. This research is trying to do re-preconditioning on PSTM gather which will be input of AVO analysis. Increased in resolution and signal to noise ratio become goal of this research. Processing efforts had been done, such as: F-K Filter, Trimming Statics and Super Gather. After all process above, AVO analysis was conducted by using Cross Plotting method. Result of re-preconditioning in this research tells class IV of AVO anomaly. The result is strengthen by analysis method of Cross Plotting which are came from AVO attributes of Cross Plot., Gas reservoir on thin layer is something interested to analyze due to destructive reflector which is below 1/4λ or tuning thickness condition. This research is trying to do re-preconditioning on PSTM gather which will be input of AVO analysis. Increased in resolution and signal to noise ratio become goal of this research. Processing efforts had been done, such as: F-K Filter, Trimming Statics and Super Gather. After all process above, AVO analysis was conducted by using Cross Plotting method. Result of re-preconditioning in this research tells class IV of AVO anomaly. The result is strengthen by analysis method of Cross Plotting which are came from AVO attributes of Cross Plot.]

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Latar belakang dan tujuan: Masalah osteoporosis merupakan masalah dalam kesehatan masyarakat terutama di negara berkembang. Kurangnya jumlah alat DXA menyebabkan minimnya penderita yang terdiagnosis dini osteoporosis dan mendapat terapi, hingga akhirnya mengalami patah tulang. Pengukuran indeks ketebalan korteks tulang radius distal merupakan parameter sederhana, objektif, dan mudah diterapkan, menggunakan radiografi konvensional yang berguna untuk memperkirakan kepadatan massa tulang, namun perlu dibuktikan korelasinya dengan nilai T-score. Metode: Uji korelatif dengan pendekatan potong lintang pada nilai indeks ketebalan korteks radius distal menggunakan radiografi konvensional dan T-score kolum femur menggunakan DXA berdasarkan database populasi Indonesia, terhadap 38 subjek penelitian, menggunakan data primer, dalam kurun waktu Desember 2016 sampai Mei 2017. Hasil: Uji korelasi Pearson antara indeks ketebalan korteks radius distal pada lokasi 1 dan 2 dengan nilai T-score kolum femur, didapatkan nilai koefisien korelasi r=0,46 p=0,096 untuk lokasi 1 dan r=0,45 p=0,093 untuk lokasi 2. Pada kelompok jenis kelamin perempuan, didapatkan nilai r=0,53 p ...... Background and objective: Osteoporosis is a problem in public health, especially in developing countries. DXA lacks of availability causing problem in osteoporosis early diagnosing and treatment until the occurance of bone fracture. Measurement of distal radius cortical thickness index using conventional radiography is a simple, objective and easy to applied methods for estimating bone density, but needs to be proven its correlation with T score. Methods: A cross sectional correlation study between the cortical thickness index of distal radius by conventional radiography and T score of femoral neck by DXA based on population database in Indonesia, conducted in 38 subjects in the period of December 2016 to May 2017. Result: Using the Pearson correlation test between the cortical thickness index of distal radius in two location with T score of femur column by DXA, we obtained coefficient correlation value of r 0,46 p 0,096 for location 1 dan r 0,45 p 0,093 for location 2. In the female group we obtained r 0,53 p 0,05 for location 1 and r 0,52 p 0,05 for location 2. Based on age group, r value for location 1 and 2 in 60 years age group is r 0,31 p 0,194 and r 0,32 p 179 for location 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion: There is a weak positive correlation between the cortical thickness index of distal radius by conventional radiography and T score of femoral neck by DXA.

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Penyakit kardiovaskular merupakan penyebab kematian nomor satu di dunia dengan prevalensi yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Aterosklerosis merupakan penyebab utama dari penyakit kardiovaskular, dapat dideteksi dini dengan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi ketebalan intima-media KIM karotis. Salah satu faktor risiko aterosklerosis yang dapat dimodifikasi adalah dislipidemia, dapat dipengaruhi dari asupan makanan antara lain diet tinggi fruktosa. Fruktosa selain dalam bentuk alami juga banyak digunakan secara komersial sebagai pemanis makanan/minuman. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi asupan fruktosa dengan KIM karotis pada laki-laki hiperkolesterolemia usia 19 ??49 tahun. Dari 47 subjek yang merupakan karyawan RS Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita Jakarta, didapatkan nilai tengah usia subjek 41 33 ??45 tahun. Sebanyak 57,4 subjek memiliki kadar low density lipoprotein LDL tinggi dan sangat tinggi, 29,8 kadar high density lipoprotein HDL rendah dan 27,6 kadar trigliserida tinggi dan sangat tinggi. Sebagian besar subjek memiliki tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik normal. Sebanyak 72,3 subjek tergolong obesitas dan 66,0 tergolong obesitas sentral. Sebagian besar subjek merupakan perokok ringan dan sebanyak 48,9 subjek beraktivitas ringan. Pada pemeriksaan KIM karotis didapatkan nilai tengah 1 0,8 ??1,4 mm dengan 63,8 subjek terdapat penebalan. Nilai tengah asupan energi total 1209 1020 ??1645 kkal/hari, asupan karbohidrat, protein, lemak sebagian besar tergolong cukup, asupan serat 100 tergolong kurang dan rerata asupan fruktosa 31,97 ? 15,48 gram/hari. Hasil analisis bivariat tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan fruktosa dengan KIM karotis namun terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara lingkar pinggang dan asupan lemak dengan KIM karotis. Hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan bahwa asupan lemak mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan KIM karotis.

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Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death worldwide with an increasing prevelance annually. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease that is detectable early by ultrasound examination of the intima media thickness IMT of the carotid artery. One of the modifiable risk factors for developing atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia, that can be affected by food intake among them is high fructose diet. Apart from naturally occurring, fructose is largely used commercially as food beverage sweetener. This cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the correlation between fructose intake and IMT in male subjects with hypercholesterolemia aged 19 49 years old. Of 47 subjects who are Harapan Kita National Cardiovascular Center Hospital s employee, median age was 41 33 45 years old. In 57.4 subjects, low density lipoprotein LDL was found high and very high, 29.8 subjects have low high density lipoprotein HDL levels, and 27.6 subjects have high and very high triglycerides levels. Most subjects have normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Around 72.3 subjects were classified as obesity and 66.0 were classified as having central obesity. Majority of subjects were light smoker and 49.8 of them performed light activity. In carotid IMT examination, median of 1 0.8 1.4 mm was found with 63.8 subjects developed thickness. Median total energy intake was 1209 1020 1645 Kcal day, mostly with adequate carbohydrate, protein, and fat, fiber intake was inadequate in 100 subjects, and mean fructose intake of 31,97 15,48 gram day. Bivariate analysis did not demonstrate any correlation between fructose intake and carotid IMT however there was positive correlation between waist circumference and fat intake with carotid IMT. Multivariate analysis showed that fat intake has a significant correlation with carotid IMT.

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Latar Belakang: Ventilasi mekanik diperlukan pasien kritis di unit perawatan intensif dengan tujuan menormalkan kadar gas darah arteri dan menyeimbangkan kadar asam basa, namun penggunaan ventilasi mekanik yang berkepanjangan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, cedera paru, infeksi nosokomial, dan sepsis. Ketebalan diafragma memiliki korelasi signifikan dengan lama penggunaan ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan faktor-faktor risiko dengan ketebalan diafragma pasien kritis di ICU, sehingga dapat membantu untuk memprediksi lamanya penggunaan ventilasi mekanik. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik observasional terhadap 30 subjek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan selama periode September 2018- Desember 2018 di Ruang Perawatan Intensif RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin. Ketebalan diafragma pasien kritis yang menggunakan ventilasi mekanik diukur pada hari ke-0, ke-3, ke-5 dan kemudian dibandingkan. Hasil: Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan ventilasi mekanik didominasi oleh laki-laki (63,33 %), usia 40-70 tahun (63,33%), dengan status nutrisi kategori tidak obes (90%). Penurunan ketebalan diafragma signifikan terjadi pada hari ke-3 (nilai P = 0,026). Penurunan ketebalan diafragma memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan RNL (nilai P = 0,003), kadar prealbumin (nilai P = 0,025), IMT (nilai P = 0,015), sepsis (nilai P = 0,010), dan pemberian albumin artifisial (nilai P = 0,013). Sedangkan usia (nilai P = 0,603), jenis kelamin (nilai P = 0,906), opioid (nilai P = 0,315), dan kadar glukosa (nilai P = 0,303) menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak bermakna secara statistik. Simpulan: Penurunan ketebalan diafragma terjadi pada subjek yang menggunakan ventilasi mekanik dipengaruhi oleh RNL, kadar prealbumin serum, IMT, sepsis, dan penggunaan albumin intravena, namun tidak dipengaruhi usia, jenis kelamin, penggunaan opioid, dan pemberian infus albumin intravena. ......Background: Mechanical ventilation required by critical patients in intensive care unit to normalizing arterial blood gas and balancing acid-base levels, but prolonged use of mechanical ventilation can cause ventilator associated pneumonia, lung injury, nosocomial infections, and sepsis. Diaphragm thickness has a significant correlation with the duration of mechanical ventilation uses. This study aims to analyze the relations of risk factors with the thickness of the diaphragm of critical patients in the ICU. Hopefully it can help to predict the length of the mechanical ventilation uses. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study of 30 research subjects who met the acceptance criteria during the period September 2018-January 2019 in the Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital. The diaphragm thickness of critical patients using mechanical ventilation was measured on the 0th, 3rd, 5th and then compared by days. Results: The study showed that the use of mechanical ventilation was dominated by men (63.33%), ages 40-70 years (63.33%), with nutritional status in the category of not obese (90%). A significant decrease in the thickness of the diaphragm occurred on the 3rd day (p-value = 0.026). The decrease in diaphragm thickness has a significant relations with RNL (p-value = 0.003), prealbumin level (p-value = 0.025), BMI (p-value = 0.015), sepsis (p-value = 0.010), and artificial albumin (p-value = 0.013). Whereas age (p-value = 0.603), gender (p-value = 0.906), opioid (p-value = 0.315), and glucose level (p-value = 0.303) showed a relations that did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The decrease in diaphragm thickness occurred in subjects using mechanical ventilation affected by RNL, serum prealbumin levels, BMI, sepsis, and intravenous albumin uses, but were not affected by age, sex, opioid use, and intravenous albumin infusion.

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LATAR BELAKANG. Makalah ini memberikan gambaran kualitatif dari tampilan histologis dan perubahan yang terjadi di tandur kulit manusia yang disimpan pada suhu 4oC dalam berbagai pengawet selama 1 minggu. Selama waktu penyimpanan, perubahan terlihat di semua lapisan epidermis dan dermis. Fitur awal yang paling terlihat adalah pembengkakan dan pleomorfisme nucleus dan seluler. Setelah 7 hari susut nucleus dan seluler, pembentukan halo dan pyknosis menjadi jelas. Fitur histologis yang paling mengkhawatirkan adalah terjadinya blebs dermoepidermal. Ini adalah terbukti dengan hari ke 7 dan akhirnya pemisahan lengkap dari epidermis dari dermis. METHODS. Tandur kulit manusia yang telah diambil ini akan disimpan dalam bentuk gulungan dan didalam suhu 4OC yang kemudian akan menunjukkan perbedaannya. Dan akan dibagi dalam dua kelompok yakni grup control dengan NaCL 0,9% dan grup percobaan dengan Gliserol 80%. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara prospektif, kemudian dinilai perbedaan secara histologisnya, dihitung sel pada grup NaCl dan gliserol. Kemudian hasil yang didapat akan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan Chi-Square (data kategorik dengan melihat terjadinya dermoepidermal blebs, halo formation, cellular pyknosis, nuclear dan cellular shrinkage pada hari ke-7). RESULTS. Hasil dengan menggunakan uji chi-square Asymp.Sig (2-sided) dengan nilai 0.001, p < 0.05. Hipotesis 0 ditolak, and hipotesis 1 diterima yang artinya ada perbedaan significant antara penggunaan NaCl 0.9% dibandingkan dengan glycerol 80% pada terjadinya dermoepidermal blebs, halo formation, cellular pyknosis, nuclear dan cellular shrinkage pada hari ke-7 penyimpanan tandur kulit. Tandur kulit yang disimpan dengan Gliserol 80% pada hari ke-7 mempunyai 4.25 resiko lebih besar terjadinya dermoepidermal blebs, halo formation, cellular pyknosis, nuclear dan cellular shrinkage dibandingkan dengan NaCl 0,9% dengan P = 0.001 (significant). Kami menyimpulkan viabilitas kulit akan semakin meningkat jika tandur kulit disimpan dalam bentuk gulungan dan dalam suhu 4OC serta dengan menggunakan gliserol 80%. Kata Kunci: Tandur kulit split-thickness, Pengawet, gliserol 80% ......BACKGROUND. This paper provides a qualitative description of the histological appearances and changes occurring in human split skin grafts stored at 4oC in various configurations over a 1-week period. During the storage time, changes were seen in all layers of the epidermis and dermis. The most notable early features were nuclear and cellular swelling and pleomorphism. After 7 days nuclear and cellular shrinkage, halo formation and pyknosis became evident. The most worrying histological feature was the development of dermoepidermal blebs. These were evident by day 7 and progressed to cleavage off and ultimately complete separation of the epidermis from the dermis. METHODS. A comparison of these features in human split skin grafts stored as sheets stored rolled, at either strictly or roughly 4oC revealed differences. And consist in two preservant group, the control is using NaCl 0,9%, and the trial is using glycerol 80%. The study was conducted prospectively, see the state or characteristic of the early skin graft preservation and preservation day 7 between the use of 0.9% NaCl solution and 80% glycerol solution. Comparing the results using chisquare test (categorical data with categorical that the use of 0.9% NaCl and 80% glycerol to the occurrence or non-occurrence of the dermoepidermal blebs, halo formation, cellular pyknosis, nuclear and cellular shrinkage on day 7) RESULTS. This research use a chi-square test. Results seen as Asymp.Sig (2-sided) with a value of 0.001, meaning meets p < 0.05. Hypothesis 0 is rejected, and Hypothesis 1 is accepted which means that there are significant differences between the use of NaCl 0.9% compared with 80% glycerol on the incidence dermoepidermal blebs, halo formation, cellular pyknosis, nuclear and cellular shrinkage on day 7 skin graft preservation. Skin grafts that were preserved using 0.9% NaCl on day 7 had a 4.25 times greater risk for experiencing dermoepidermal blebs, halo formation, cellular pyknosis, nuclear and cellular shrinkage compared with the preserved skin graft using glycerol 80% at day 7 with P = 0.001 (significant). We conclude that the viability of stored skin is improved if it is stored at a uniform 4oC as rolled sheets and preserved with glycerol 80%.

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Pada skripsi ini didesain sebuah motor untuk pompa air model ”X” (pompa air Panasonic model GP-125JB-P), yang memiliki power output 125 W dengan tegangan kerja 220 V, 50 Hz. Desain dengan 2 tipe yaitu stator 40 mm dan 36 mm yang diuji terhadap spesifikasi model tersebut, dengan melihat karakteristik electric dan performance testnya dengan melalui proses dan perlakuan uji yang sama. Hasil pengujian dan analisis data menunjukkan bahwa dengan mengurangi tebal stator akan mengakibatkan kenaikan nilai rata-rata arus input, tetapi nilai rata-rata daya input tetap masih dalam spesifikasi. Disamping itu hasil temperature lilitan stator akan lebih tinggi dari desain lama, karena kerapatan arusnya lebih tinggi dan resistansinya lebih tinggi. Meskipun nilai-nilai tersebut lebih tinggi dari sebelumnya, itu tidak melewati standar spesifikasi yang telah ditetapkan baik dari segi electric dan performance testnya. Proses desain dan analisa dilakukan di workshop engineering dan quality control Departemen Pompa Air PT. Panasonic Manufacturing Indonesia. Dengan terlebih dahulu proses desain oleh engineering, kemudian proses pembuatan stator di lini produksi stator dan proses pengujian oleh engineering. Perubahan tebal core tersebut dianalisa karakteristiknya untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruhnya terhadap spesifikasi pompa air model tersebut, sehingga dapat ditentukan spesifikasinya apabila ada perubahan. Hasil pengujian dan analisa menunjukkan bahwa perubahan tebal core stator tidak berpengaruh terhadap spesifikasi yang telah ditetapkan. Sehingga hal tersebut dapat digunakan karena selain spesifikasi terpenuhi, dari segi aspek ekonomis biayanya lebih murah. Otomatis dengan biaya produksi model tersebut lebih murah bila di bandingkan sebelumnya.

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On this final project, will be design a single phase induction motor”X”. (Water Pump Panasonic for model GP-125 JB), which power output is 125 Watt and voltage 220 V, 50 Hz. The Design will divided into 2 types, there are motor with thickness of core is 40 mm and core 36 mm. which test use specification for each model, to see electric characteristic and test performance with process and same test. The result of test and data analysis showed that by reduced thickness of core would increase average of current input, but power consume average input still same with specification. Beside that, temperature of winding stator will be high and the resistance will be increase than current design. Although the result still high than current, but it still on specification, not decrease the quality from aspect electrical characteristic and performance test. The design and analysis will be doing by engineering and quality control. Then, manufacture motor at line stator monitor by engineering team and the test at engineering workshop. The changing of thickness core of motor induction analyzed the characteristic, to see the different and effect for water pump with specifications. From test result and analysis, shows that by reduce the thickness of core will be no effect from standard specification. Beside from the specification has passed the standard, from cost analysis, the price cheaper than the new one. Automatically, the cost production will be cheaper than the new one.