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"Sumber utama pencemaran perkotaan adalah transportasi. BTX (Benzene, Toluene dan Xylene) adalah merupakan agen pencemar polutan udara kegiatan transportasi yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Petugas pintu tol merupakan kelompok berisiko tinggi terpajan BTX. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan BTX pada petugas pintu tol kebun jeruk Jakarta barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada bagian gardu pintu tol rata-rata konsentrasi (mean+SD) benzena sebesar 0,00167+0,000056 mg/m3, Toluena sebesar 0,00124+0.000049 mg/m3 dan Xylena sebesar 0,00147+0,000063 mg/m3 sedangkan pada kantor administrasi konsentrasi tidak terdeteksi oleh alat (Method Detection Limit). Rata-rata RQ benzene 0,007, toluene 0,00003 dan xylene 0,002 pada petugas tol lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan rata-rata RQ benzene 0,002, toluene 0,00001 dan xylene 0,007 petugas administrasi. Kesimpulan bahwa risiko nonkarsinogenik BTX semua pekerja memiliki RQ≤1. Risiko kesehatan nonkarsinogenik dan karsinogenik untuk seluruh pekerja di gerbang pintu tol kebun jeruk pada saat ini belum menunjukkan adanya risiko. Namun demikian, tindakan pencegahan tetap perlu dilakukan dalam rangka pengendalian risk agent tersebut di masa yang akan datang.

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The main sources of urban pollution is transportation. BTX (Benzene, Toluene and Xylene) is an air pollutant pollutant agent transport activities that are harmful to health. Worker in toll gate is high risk groups exposed to BTX.

Design of this study is cross-sectional with Environmental Health Risk Analysis approach to determine the magnitude of health risks due to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene in the Kebun Jeruk toll gate, west Jakarta.

The results showed that at the toll collectors average concentration (mean+SD) was : benzene 0.00167+0.000056 mg/m3, toluene 0.00124+0.000049 mg/m3 and xylene 0.00147+0,000063 mg/m3. while at the administrative office was not detected (Minimum Detection Limit). The average RQ collector workers of benzene was 0.007, toluene was 0.00004, xylene was 0.002, & At administrative officer RQ of benzene was 0.002, toluene was 0.00001, xylene was 0.0006 lower than the average of worker toll gate.

In conclusion, the risk of all workers have the RQ ≤ 1. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to all workers at the kebun jeruk toll gate at this point have not shown any risk yet. Nevertheless, protections is needed in order to control the risk of the agent in the future."

"Penggunaan bahan kimia telah berkembang luas pada berbagai sektor industri baik formal maupun non-formal, termasuk industri mebel. Produk dengan bahan kimia dipakai untuk membantu meningkatkan kualitas dan keindahan produk mebel. Cat, thiner, dan pelitur adalah produk berbahan kimia yang biasa dipakai dalam pembuatan mebel. Toluene adalah komponen atau campuran bahan kimia utama yang terdapat dalam cat, thinner, dan pelitur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Menganalisis tingkat risiko pajanan Toluene pada karyawan bengkel mebel X di Jatinegara. Untuk menentukan tingkat resiko, Sample toluene di udara diambil mengunakan Coconut Shell Charcoal lalu dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography untuk mendapatkan nilai konsentrasi toluene. Konsentrasi toluene tertinggi berada di titik 5 yaitu area cat kursi sebesar 22.975 mg/m³. Berdasarkan perhitungan RQ pada 33 pekerja di bengkel mebel, didapatkan bahwa untuk pajanan realtime sebanyak 61% pekerja memiliki risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik karena nilai RQ > 1. Sedangkan menururt perhitungan RQ lifetime, didapatkan bahwa 88% dari 33 pekerja memiliki risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik karena nilai RQ > 1.

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Use of chemical has grown wider at various sectors in formal and non-formal including furniture industry. Those chemicals were used to improve the quality and beauty of furniture products. Paint, thiner, and varnish are the chemical product that commonly used in the furniture. Toluene is the major chemical contained in paint, thinner, and varnish.

This study attempts to analyze the risk levels of risk exposure on employees of furniture workshop ?X? in Jatinegara. To determine the risk levels, coconut shell charcoals were used in air sampling, and then were analyzed with gas chromatography to get toluene concentration. Highest toluene concentration was at painting area, 22.975 mg/m³.

Based on RQ realtime calculation, there were 61% of workers having non carcinogenic health risk because the value of RQ > 1. Acording to RQ lifetime calculation, got that 88% of 33 workers having non carcinogenic health risk because the value of RQ > 1."

"Latar Belakang: Pelarut organik, Toluena luas digunakan dalam industri dan dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada berbagai organ termasuk hati. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk meneliti efek pajanan inhalasi akut toluena pada berbagai dosis rendah terhadap hati tikus Wistar jantan. Metode: Tiga puluh ekor hewan coba dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Satu kelompok sebagai kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok diberikan pajanan toluena masing-masing 1,6 cc, 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc, 12,8 cc selama 4 jam/hari selama 14 hari terus menerus. Pada hari ke 14, hewan coba didekapitasi, untuk pemeriksaan Malondialdehid (MDA) Hati, MDA Plasma (metode Will’s) dan Histopatologi Hati (pewarnaan Hematoxilin Eosin). Hasil: Rerata kadar MDA Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p=0,009). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc dan 3,2 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Rerata kadar MDA Plasma antar kelompok pajanan tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,118). Rerata skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p<0,001). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc dan pada kelompok pajanan 12,8 cc dibandingkan kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc. Pajanan toluena berkorelasi bermakna positif dengan kadar MDA Hati, kadar MDA Plasma dan gambaran Histopatologi Hati (r=0,415: p=0,025, r=0,416: p=0,025, r=0,719: p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Pajanan akut toluena dosis rendah pada tikus Wistar jantan menunjukkan kerusakan sel yang ditandai dengan kenaikan kadar MDA Hati, skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati yang bermakna masing-masing mulai pada dosis pajanan 6,4 cc (setara dengan 50 ppm), 3,2 cc (setara dengan 25 ppm) dan menunjukkan korelasi positif kuat antara pajanan toluena dengan skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati.

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Background: An organic solvent, Toluene is widely used in industry and can cause disordes in various organs including the liver. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute inhalation exposure to toluene at various low doses of the male Wistar rat liver.

Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. One group as a control group and four groups were exposed to toluene 1.6 cc, 3.2 cc, 6.4 cc, 12.8 cc respectively for 4 hours/day for 14 days continuously. On the 14th day, the animals were decapitated, for examination of Liver Malondialdehyde, Plasma Malondialdehyde (Will's method) and Liver Histopathology (Haematoxylin-eosin staining).

Results: The mean Liver MDA levels between exposure groups were significant differences (p=0,009). The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposured group compared to the 1,6 cc and 3,2 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to the control group also. The mean Plasma MDA levels between groups were not significant differences (p=0.118).. The mean Liver Histopathology feature between groups were significant differences (p<0,001). The significant differences were observed in the 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposure group compared to the control group and 1,6 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to 3,2 cc and in the 12,8 cc exposure group compared to 6,4 cc exposure group also. Toluene exposure was positively significantly correlated with Liver Malondialdehyde level, Plasma Malondialdehyde level and Liver Histopathology feature (r = 0.415: p = 0.025, r = 0.416: p = 0.025, r = 0.719: p <0.001).

Conclusions: Low doses toluene acute exposure in male Wistar rats showed cell damage characterized by increased Liver Malondialdehyde level, Liver Histopathology feature score that statistically significant started at exposure dose of 6.4 cc (equivalent with 50 ppm), 3.2 cc (equivalent with 25 ppm), respectively and showed strong positive correlation between toluene exposure and Liver Histophatology feature score."

"Absorption of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as toluene, was studied. In order to characterise the absorption of toluene/oil solvent systems, the Henry?s constant (H) was determined. Prediction of Henry?s constants are also carried out using UNIFAC-FV model which is known to be suitable for hydrocarbon gases and high-boiling point hydrocarbon solvent.kg/cm2, 220 kg/cm2 dan 260 kg/cm2."

"Heat exchanger merupakan suatua alat yang mengkonversikan energi panas dalam sutau industri kimia.. salah satu heat exchanger jenis HE-XX pada PT. S telah mengalami kebocoran pada tube-tubenya. Kebocoran tube tersebut disebabkan terjadinya korosi. Dari hasil visual maupun photo mikro ditemukan kegagalan disisi luar tube yang berhubungan langsung dengan Benzene Toluene Mixing (BTM), sedang bagian dalm tube yang berhubungan langsung dengan media pendingin air tidak terjdi kegagalan. Kegagalan yang terjadi berupa celah dan korosi pitting. Korosi ini disebabkan oleh penunpukan oksida pada sisi luar tube Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan oksida yang menumpuk pada sisi luar tube menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan kosentrasi O2 dengan kosentrasi O2 lingkungannya yaitu Benzene Toluene Mixing (BTM). Perbedaan ini menghasikanmenghasilkan sisi anoda dan sisi katoda. Yang menjadi penebab terjadinya korosi. Untuk mnghambat terjadinya korosi pada masa yang akan datang, heat exchanger jenis HE-XX perlu dipertimbangan pemberian inhibitor, karena selama beroperainya belum pernah diberikan inhibitor.

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Heat exchanger is a equipment for heat transfer utilized petrochemical industriy, on of heat exchanger HE-XX type used at PT. S. get several time get leakage at the tube. The tube leakage is caused corrosion. From result of visual inspection and result micro photo found failure happened at external tube side that direct contact with Benzene Toluene Mixing (BTM), but internal tube side that direct contact with the cooling water is not failure. Failure that happened in the form of interposes corrosion and pitting. This corrosion caused deposit oxide at external tube side Refer to the result of the research deposit of oxide at external side tube happening of concentration difference O2 below deposit with concentration of O2 in environment of Benzene Toluene Mixing (BTM), this difference yield anode side and cathode side so that reaction of corrosion happened. As protection to hamper sped of corrosion in the future for heat exchanger HEXX type is utilized corrosion inhibitor, since utilized HE-XX never use corrosion inhibitor."

"Toluen telah digunakan sebagai bahan pelarut di Percetakan "X". Bersamaan dengan itu pada tenaga kerja terjadi keluhan berupa mata berair, sesak nafas, batuk pilek, lelah, dan iritasi kulit. Di Percetakan "X", data mengenai kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja dan kadar asam hipurat urin sebagai indikator terpajannya tenaga kerja dengan toluen belum ada. Dengan demikian, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja, besar nilai kadar asam hipurat urin dengan faktor-faktor risiko yang mempengaruhinya serta efek kesehatan akut yang di timbulkan.Dalam penelitian ini digunakan studi potong lintang dengan memperhatikan perbedaan tingkat pajanan toluen di tempat kerja. Jumlah sampel yang diambil adalah total sampel berjumlah 135 orang, yaitu pada bagian printing 75 orang dan bagian gudang 60 orang. Data penelitian ini diperoleh berdasarkan observasi, status medis, kuesioner, wawancara, dan pemeriksaan kesehatan. Untuk kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja dianalisis dengan cara metoda 1510, Issue 2 dari NIOSH. Analisis deskriptif antara tenaga kerja di bagian printing dan gudang meliputi karakteristik subjek penelitian, kadar asam hipurat urin,dan efek kesehatan akut. Analisis regresi multipel dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara karakteristik subjek penelitian dengan kadar asam hipurat pulang kerja dan untuk melihat hubungan antara karakteristik subjek penelitian dengan peningkatan kadar asam hipurat urin. Sedangkan analisis regresi logistik dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara karakteristik subjek penelitian dengan efek kesehatan akut, dan hubungan antara kadar asam hipurat urin pulang kerja dengan efek kesehatan akut.Kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja bagian printing berkisar antara 82 ppm sampai 120 ppm dengan Time Weighed Average (TWA) 90,05 ppm, sedangkan di bagian gudang berkisar antara 52 ppm sampai 67 ppm dengan TWA 50,48 ppm. Kadar rata-rata toluen di udara pada bagian printing dan gudang secara statistik berbeda bermakna (p=0,000), dan telah melampaui nilai ambang batas. Pada umunmya tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara karakteristik subjek yang bekerja di bagian printing maupun gudang kecuali lama kerja (p=0,01) dan pendidikan (p=0,012). Untuk kadar asam hipurat urin awal waktu kerja dan pulang kerja, peningkatan kadar asam hipurat urin, dan efek kesehatan akut antara bagian printing dan gudang secara statistik berbeda bermakna (p=0,000). Hubungan antara karakteristik subjek penelitian dengan peningkatan kadar asam hipurat urin yang berkorelasi kuat yaitu faktor umur (p=0,001); lama kerja (p=0,004) dan kebiasaan merokok (p=0,005). Hubungan antara karakteristik subjek penelitian dengan peningkatan kadar asam hipurat urin pulang kerja yang berkorelasi kuat juga faktor umur (p=0,005); lama kerja (p=0,000) dan kebiasaan merokok (p=0,001), untuk lama kerja yang dihubungkan dengan nilai (¦Â:-0,29) terlihat bahwa makin lama kerja, maka kadar asam hipurat urin pulang kerja semakin rendah.Sedangkan risiko terjadinya efek kesehatan akut berdasarkan karakteristik subjek penelitian didapatkan faktor umur (OR;2,55;CI;0,99-6,79), lama kerja (OR:1,84;CI:0,84-3,94) dan kebiasaan merokok (OR;18,7;CI;7,62-68,10). Risiko terjadinya efek kesehatan akut dengan kadar asam hipurat urin pulang kerja ¡Ý 0,99 gr/L didapatkan secara statistik berbeda bermakna, dibandingkan dengan kelompok tenaga kerja dengan kadar asam hipurat urin pulang kerja < 0,99gr/L (OR:7,6; CI:3,47-16,95). Gejala-gejala efek kesehatan akut yang ditimbulkan seperti : mata berair, sesak, lelah, reaksi kulit dan batuk.Kesimpulan:Kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja, baik di bagian printing maupun di bagian gudang Percetakan "X", di atas nilai ambang batas menurut Kep Menaker RI/1977 (NAB=50 ppm). Kadar asam hipurat urin yang didapat masih di bawah indeks biologis (1,6 gr/L). Karakteristik subjek penelitian yang berpengaruh pada bagian printing dan gudang adalah lama kerja dan pendidikan. Faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi kinetik toluen di dalam tubuh adalah umur, lama kerja, dan kebiasaan merokok. Pengaruh efek kesehatan akut dengan kadar asam hipurat urin pada tenaga kerja terlihat berbeda bermakna antar kelompok pada titik potong (cut off point) 0,99 gr/L.The Correlation between the Level of Hippuric Acid with the Acute Health Effect among the Workers Who Exposed By Toluene at the Printing Company "X" Jakarta 2002

Background:

Toluene has been used as a solvent in the printing company "x". According with it, many effects have been arisen such as: eye irritation, respiratory disfunction, cough, sore nose and throat, fatigue, skin irritation. Nevertheless in the printing company "x", the data about toluene exposure and biological monitoring indicator (hippuric acid) have not been available. As consequence, the printing company "x" studied to find the toluene exposure in the working area and determine the level of the hippuric acid in urine of workers, influencing factors and also acute health effects.

Methods:

The cross sectional study was used as an approach to look at the hippuric acid level in workers urine and its correlation with acute health effect. The total sample method was used to involve 135 people that consisted of 75 people in printing area and 60 people in ware house area. The data were collected by observation, medical record, questionnaire, interview, and physical examination. The level of toluene exposure was analyzed with NIOSH methods 1510, Issue 2. Descriptive analysis was applied to look at the printing department and the ware house department worker characteristics, the level of the hippuric acid and acute health effects. The multiple regressions was used to find the correlation between characteristic and the level of hippuric acid after shift and also to find the correlation between characteristic of workers and the increasing of the level of hippuric acid. In line with the analysis, the regression logistic analysis was used to find the correlation between the levels of hippuric acid after working with the acute health effect.

Result:

The range level of toluene in printing area 82 ppm - 1 20 ppm, with the time weighted average (TWA) was 90,05 ppm. In the ware house area the level of toluene were 52 ppm - 67 ppm, with the time weighted average (TWA) was 50,48 ppm. The mean of the exposure of toluene in printing department and ware house department are statically significant different (p=0,000). In general, there was no difference in term of worker characteristics between the printing department and ware house department, except the job time length (p=0,01) and educational level of workers (p=0,012). Level of hippuric acid were statistically significant different between the printing department and the ware house department such as: before and after shift (p=0,000), the increasing of hippuric acid (p=0,000), and acute health effect (p=0,000).

The study found that the level of hippuric acid both before and after work, the increasing of hippuric acid during work, and acute health effects were statistically significant different (p=0,000) between those who work for the printing department with those who work for the ware house department. The level of after work hippuric acid has a strong correlation with age (p=0,001), job time length (p=0,004) and smoking habit (p=0,005). The correlation between job time length with hippuric acid level was - 0,29. Meanwhile, workers who were ¡Ý 40 years old showed a 2,55 fold risk of acute health effect, (OR:2,55;CI: 0,99-6,79), who experienced < 60 month job time length had a 1,84 fold risk (OR: 1,84; CI: 0,84-3,94), and who had smoking habit had 18,7 fold risk of acute health effect (OR:18,7 ; CI: 7,62-68,10). Further more, workers whose their after work hippuric acid level 0,99 gr/L showed a 7,6 fold risk of acute health effect. The symptom of the acute health effect included: eye irritations, respiratory distress, fatigue, cough and skin irritation.

Conclusion:

The level of toluene in the work place in the printing area and the ware house area at the printing "x" were higher than threshold limit value according to Kep. Menaker/ 1977 (TLV=50 ppm), and the increasing value of hippuric acid still below in the permissible biological index of hippuric acid in urin (TLV= 1,6 gr/L). The characteristics are consisted of significantly influence the increasing of hippuric acid as age, job time length, smoking habit, and IMT. Finally, the acute health effect in workers were found significant different between group of workers who have the hippuric acid level which its cut off point is 0,99 gr/L."

"Latar belakang: Bahan perekat/lem merupakan bahan utama yang digunakan untuk merekatkan bagian-bagian dari sepatu dalam proses industri alas kaki. Pelarut organik yang terkandung di dalam bahan perekat dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan antara lain iritasi mata yang kemudian menjadi konjungtivitis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pajanan uap pelarut organik dengan terjadinya konjungtivitis dan keluhan iritasi mata serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan pada pekerja laki-laki industri alas kaki sektor informal, Kecamatan Ciomas,Bogor.Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini menggunakan disain cross sectional. Data dikumpulkan dengan melakukan wawancara, pengamatan dan pengukuran lingkungan serta pemeriksaan kesehatan mata pekerja. Wawancara digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data mengenai demografi, riwayat penyakit, keluhan pada mata, kebiasaan merokok, sedangkan pengamatan dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang pemakaian APD saat bekerja, merokok sambil bekerja dan intensitas pajanan. Indentifikasi jenis pelarut organik dilakukan dengan menganalisis kandungan dan proporsi jenis pelarut organik pada kedua jenis bahan perekat kemudian dilakukan penilaian skoring berdasarkan parameter konsentrasi, daya uap dan daya iritasi. Pelarut dengan skor tertinggi dijadikan pajanan utama untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan kadamya di lingkungan kerja. Pemeriksaan mata dilakukan untuk mendiagnosis konjungtivitis berdasarkan gejala dan tanda Minis sedangkan keluhan iritasi mata berdasarkan gejala klinis. Terhadap semua variabel dilakukan uji bivariat menggunakan tes CM square atau Mann-Whitney dan kemudian variabel yang rnempunyai nilai p<0,25 dilakukan uji multivariat menggunakan Regresi Logistic BinaryHasil : Berdasarkan penilaian skoring terhadap konsentrasi, daya uap, daya iritasi masingmasing pelarut organik didapatkan bahwa toluen merupakan pajanan utama. Didapatkan bahwa prevalensi konjungtivitis 10% dan keluhan iritasi mata 21,6 %. Dari hasil analisis mutivariat didapatkan bahwa variabel yang paling berhubungan dengan keluhan iritasi mata adalah intensitas pajanan. Kelompok responder yang terpajan tinggi mempunyai risiko 4,6 kali lebih besar untuk terjadinya keluhan iritasi mata dibandingkan kelompok dengan pajanan rendah (OR=4,6; p=0,004; CI=1,65-12,84)Kesimpulan dan Saran : Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas pajanan toluen berhubungan dengan terjadinya iritasi mata. Perbaikan sistem dan pola kerja termasuk pelatihan kepada tenaga kerja perlu dilakukan.

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Glue, the main substance in shoes industry, is widely used to assemble shoe parts. Organic solvent contained in glue influence worker's health such as eye irritation/conjunctivitis. The aim of this study was to know the relation between exposure of organic Solvent Fume with Conjunctivitis and Eye Irritation among men workers in shoes industry (informal sector) at Ciomas District, Bogor.

Method

The study design was a cross-sectional study which data was collecteu by using questionnaire, field observation, measurement of workplace environment and eye examination. Interview and their questionnaire were used to collect data about demography, health and smoking habits of the workers. Observations were used to know habitually in their being duties. The identification of organic solvent was done by

analyzing the content of two kinds glues and the/: scoring them based on the solvent concentration, volatility and irritably in the eye. The organic solvent which had the highest

score was chosen to be main exposure in this study. Eye examination was done to diagnose conjunctivitis on the basis of clinical symptoms and signs while eye irritation was determined by clinical symptoms. All variable were bivariate tested by using Chi-square test or Mann-Whitney test. The variables which have p value < 0.25 were included into multivariate analysis by using binary logistic regression.

Result

Based on the assessment of substance concentration, volatility and irritably, it was found that toluene was the main exposure organic solvent. It was found that prevalence of conjunctivitis was 10% and eye irritation was 21.6%. Multivariate analysis shows that the most related variable to the eye irritation was exposure intensity. Workers who were high exposed to toluene have 4.6 times more risk to get eye irritation than those who were low exposed (OR =4.6; p=0.006; CI=1.65-12.8)

Conclusion

This study shows that toluene exposure intensity have a relation with the prevalence of eye irritation. Improving system and activity of work are necessary including training for workers."

"Benzena, Toluena, dan Xilena (BTX) merupakan komponen penting dalam industri petrokimia. Konversi aseton menjadi benzene, toluene, dan xilena sudah dapat dilakukan melalui reaksi perengkahan dan aromatisasi dengan menggunakan katalis HZSM-5. Produk gas yang terbentuk dari reaksi dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography. Secara umum konversi dan yield produk benzena, toluena, dan xilena akan meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan suhu reaksi. Konversi dan yield benzene, toluene, dan xilena juga akan meningkat seiring bertambahnya waktu kontak antara reaktan aseton dan katalis. Kondisi operasi optimum diperoleh pada suhu 425_C dan 1/WHSV 0,3 jam dengan konversi reaksi 38,5% dan yield produk benzene, toluene, dan xilena 84%.

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Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTX) are very important in petrochemical industry. Conversion acetone to benzene, toluene, and xylene can be done by cracking and aromatization reaction using HZSM-5 Catalyst. Gases produce from the reaction are analize with Gas Chromatography. Generally, conversion and yield of benzene, toluene, and xylene will increase along with the increase of temperature. Conversion and yield of benzene, toluene, and xylene also increase along with the increase of contact time between acetone and catalyst. Optimum operating condition is in 425_C and 1/WHSV 0,3 hour that give conversion 38,5% and yield benzene, toluene, and xylene 84%."

"Pekerja pada unit produksi minyak dan gas bumi berisiko terpajan berbagai bahaya kimia. Salah satu komponen bahan kimia dari minyak bumi adalah volatile organic compounds (VOC), dengan contoh bahan yang terkenal akan toksisitasnya adalah benzene, toluene dan xylene. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene pekerja kilang minyak san gas di PT. X. Penelitian ini menganalisis data sekunder pajanan personal BTX melalui rute inhalasi menggunakan active sampler. Dengan menggunakan metode Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) dari Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia ditemukan bahwa risiko pajanan benzene pada SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) terkategori risiko sangat tinggi. Untuk pajanan toluene dan xylene berada pada tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah pada hampir seluruh SEG. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperlukan pengendalian yang tepat untuk mengatasi pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene. Salah satu pengendalian yang direkomendasikan adalah meningkatkan konsistensi penggunaan alat pelindung diri, monitoring pajanan secara kontinu, melaksanakan biomonitoring dan pemeriksaan sel darah tepi.

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Workers in oil and gas production units are at risk of exposure to various chemical hazards. One of the chemical components of petroleum is volatile organic compounds (VOC), with examples of materials known for their toxicity being benzene, toluene and xylene. This study aims to analyze health risks related to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene of oil and gas refinery workers at PT. X. This study analyzes secondary data on personal exposure to BTX via the inhalation route using an active sampler. Using the Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) method from the Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia, it was found that the risk of benzene exposure in the SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) was categorized as very high risk. Exposure to toluene and xylene is at a low health risk level in almost all SEGs. Based on the research results, appropriate control is needed to overcome exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene. One of the recommended controls is increasing the consistent use of personal protective equipment, continuous monitoring of exposure, carrying out biomonitoring and examining peripheral blood cells."

"Toluena dijumpai tersebar di lingkungan kita. Manusia terpapar logam ini dari berbagai sumber seperti udara, air, tanah dan makanan yang terkontaminasi. Terdapat beberapa penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa toluena menyebabkan stres oksidatif dengan meningkatkan pembentukan reactive oxygen species dan menurunkan sistem anti-oksidan. Peroksidasi lipid meningkat karena terganggunya keseimbangan oksidan dan anti-oksidan, yang diukur dengan kadar malondialdehyde. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian berbagai pajanan toluena terhadap peroksidasi lipid. Tiga puluh ekor tikus wistar jantan dengan berat badan 200-250 gram dibagi dalam lima kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol, kelompok II sampai V berturut-turut mendapat toluena secara inhalasi, dosis 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm, yang dipajan selama 4 jam/hari. Setelah 14 hari berturut-turut, dilakukan pengukuran kadar malondialdehyde plasma dan darah tepi. Peningkatan kadar malondialdehyde pada kelompok IV, secara statistik tidak bermakna (p=0,118). Peningkatan tersebut sejalan dengan peningkatan pajanan toluena yang diberikan, kecuali kelompok V. Beberapa hasil darah tepi, yang tidak bermakna secara statistik yaitu HB, Hematokrit, leukosit, neutrofil, limfosit dan monosit. Sedangkan eritrosit, VER, HER, KHER, trombosit, dan eosinofil secara statistic menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna.

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Toulene can be found in our environment. Humans are exposed to these metal from various sources such as air, water, soil, and contaminated food. There are several studies that show that toluene causes oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and decreasing the anti-oxidant system. Increased lipid peroxidation are due to the disruption of the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, as measured by levels of malondialdehyde. This study aims to determine the effect of various exposure of toluene towards lipid peroxidation. Thirty male wistar rats weighing 200-250 grams are divided into five groups. Group I as a control variable, group II to group V each gets toluene through inhalaton, with 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm doses, which are exposed for 4 hours/day. After 14 consecutive days, a measurement of the levels of malondialdehyde plasma and peripheral blood is done. Increase in levels of malondialdehyde in group IV is not statistically significant (p=0,118). This increase is in line with the increase of given toluene exposure, except for group V. Some of the results of peripheral blood, which was not statistically significant HB, hematocrit, leukocytes, neutrophil, lymphocytes and monocytes. While erythrocytes, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets and eosinophils statically shows significant difference."