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Abstrak :
Counting bacteria colonies uses Total Plate Count (TPC) method which is generally done by seeing, counting, naked eyes and time consuming. The aim of research is to make an image processing algorithm that is able to count the total bacteria colonies on the TPC method which is can be applied without any special equipment, and to provide informations about the best configuration in its application. This research was done by making an image processing algorithm based on gray-scale image segmentation, using MATLAB, and testing its accuracy in counting bacteria colonies. The result showed that the optimal threshold value for black background is between 0.67 and 0.79, and the optimal threshold value for white background was between 0.01 and 0.09. This experiment revealed that low value o f disk shape morphological structuring element could give the optimal detection of bacteria colonies. In conclutions, the total numbers of bacteria colonies which was counted by gray-scale image segmentation which one of image processing algorithm method was not statistically different compared to manual counting. Automation is one side o f technology that can help human doing something with easiness and simplicity. Digital image processing is one kind o f automation. Counting bacteria colonies using Total Plate Count (TPC) commonly done by counting bacteria colonies manually, it was very time consuming. The aim of this research is to make an image processing algorithm that able to count total bacteria colonies on the TPC method which can be applied without require special equipment, and to provide information about best configuration in its application. This research was done by making an image processing algorithm based on color image segmentation using MATLAB, and testing its accuracy in counting bacteria colonies. The results showed that the total numbers of bacteria colonies as the result o f counting by image processing algorithm based on color image segmentation were not different statistically compared to manual counting. A good detection o f bacteria colonies was depends on the configuration o f some parameters, such as color sampling, value o f color tolerance, shape and value o f morphological structuring element.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pemeriksaan total plate count (TPC) dilakukan terhadap makanan penerbangan pada dua proses yang berbeda, yakni penyimpanan dan pengemasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kenaikan suhu terhadap kenaikan TPC pada makanan serta hubungannya dengan kontaminasi TPC pada tangan penjamah dan peralatan makanan. Pengukuran suhu digunakan termometer tebakan, dan pengukuran TPC pada makanan, tangan penjamah dan peralatan digunakan metode Total Plate Count (TPC) dalam beberapa pengenceran. Suhu makanan mengalami kenaikan rata-rata 3 kali. Total Plate Count (TPC) mengalami kenaikan rata-rata 16.2 kali. Suhu pada makanan berpengaruh kuat dan signifikan terhadap signifikan terhadap TPC makanan (R= 0.824 dan p=0.000). Kenaikan suhu makanan juga berpengaruh secara kuat dan signifikan terhadap kenaikan TPC (R= 0.776 dan p=0.000). Total Plate Count (TPC) makanan saat pengemasan tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap TPC tangan penjamah dan TPC peralatan makanan (p=0.424) dan (p=0.444). Disarankan untuk memberikan intervensi mengenai Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) secara menyeluruh untuk memberikan pemahaman pengendalian suhu pada makanan pada pihak-pihak yang terkait. Selain itu, intervensi mengenai higiene dan sanitasi juga perlu diberikan guna mencegah terjadinya kontaminasi.

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ABSTRACT
Microbial Total Plate Count (TPC) measurement carried out on airline meal in two difference process, storage and portioning packaging. The research conducted to know influence the increase of temperature on meal microbial total plate count (TPC) increase. In addition, it also conducted to know the correlation of that contamination with food handler and equipment hygiene on microbial TPC as the indicator. Temperature measurement made with gun thermometer, in other hand simple TPC counting on several dilutions is the method to measure microbial TPC on meal, hand swab and equipment swab. The result showed that food temperature has increase on average of 3-fold and 16.2-fold for microbial TPC increase on meal. Temperature is significantly influence on microbial TPC (R=0.824 and p=0.000). The increase of temperature is also significantly influence on microbial TPC increase (R=0.776 and p=0.000). Furthermore, there is no significantly correlation of meal microbial TPC on packaging process with hand swab and equipment swab (p=0.424 and p=0.444). The research suggests intervention as a whole on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), to give understanding of temperature control on food to related stakeholder. In addition, intervention on hygiene and sanitation also be provided to prevent contamination.

Abstrak :
Pemeriksaan bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) telah dilakukan pada dua jenis makanan yaitu ketoprak dan gado-gado yang dijual di kantin, pedagang kaki lima dan balsem di lingkungan Kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kontaminasi kedua jenis makanan tersebut terhadap E. coli. Untuk pengukuran E. coi digunakan metode Total Plate Count (TPC) yang dilakukan pada pirin, sendok dan air pencuci, dari para penjaja ketoprak dan gado-gado tersebut. Sebelum dilakukan pengukuran E. coli dilakukan survey pendahuluan untuk mengetahui jumlah dan lokasi masing-masing penjual gado-gado dan ketoprak. Pengumpulan data juga dilakukan dengan observasi dan wawancara mengenai higienis perorangan para penjual dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Penddikan penjamah makanan sebagian besar berpendidikan tamat SMA. Fasilitas sanitasi sebagian besar belum memenuhi persyaratan kesehatan. Penangganan terhadap bahan-bahan makanan sudahbaik, namun penjamah makanan belum berperilaku hidup bersih dan sehat. Kandungan E. coli pada air, pada ketoprak dan gado-gado sebagian besar tidak memenuhi persyaratan kesehatan demikian juga pada alat makan yaitu piring dan sendok. Disarankan untuk melakukan monitoring kualitas mikrobiologis makanan dan minuman secara berkala, perbaikan sanitasi bagi para penjaja makanan di kantin, balsem/gerobak yang memenuhi persyaratan sanitasi dan kesehatan.

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Measuring E. coli on Ketoprak and Gado-gado Sold at Campus University of Indonesia, Depok. Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria was measured from ketoprak and gado-gado which sold in food retailer in the area of University of Indonesia. The research was conducted to know the level of contamination of E. coli bacteria in two type of food that easily find in the food retailer in the area of the University of Indonesia. The Total Plate Count (TPC) method was applied to measure the level of the E. coli bacteria from each type of the food, which are gado-gado and ketoprak, from local registered cafeteria in each faculty, stationary and not stationary, using carriage or moveable unregistered food retailer around the University. The measurement was performed for the plate, spun and the sanitation water used by the retailers. Questioners were also used to collect information about the knowledge and practice, in related to the personal and environmental hygiene, along with observation to the observe the way the retailer to prepare, make and serve the food to the customers, and also to clean and store the utensils. The seventyfour retailers around the University were surveyed and observed. The result showed that the educational level of the respondents quite high, they were mostly graduated from Senior high school, sanitation facility were poor, the food server mostly had little knowledge and practice on healthy and good sanitation, since preparation to serving the food to the costumers and also clean the utensils. E. coli bacteria found above the healthy level from almost to the food retailer around the University, it found from the food, the utensils such as plates and spun, and also in the water used for cleaning the utensils. The research suggests a periodic microbiology monitoring for foods and drinks sale in the campus, to assure the quality of food that served for the civitas accademica for maintaining health. Is also need to develop a good sanitation facility used by the food retailers in the campus.

Abstrak :
Sistem pemaparan sangat dipengaruhi oleh agen-agen lingkungan, khususnya agen yang berasal dari udara, dan merupakan sstem pertahanan tubuh yang terdepan dari pemaparan agen-agen lingkungan tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil survey kesehatan masyarakat di Kelurahan Cisalak 2001, gangguan pernapasan dianggap merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di kelurahan tersebut, terutama pada bayi dan balita. Faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi terjadinya gangguan pemapasan pada bayi dan balita adalah kualitas udara di dalam rumah tempat tinggal, mengingat sebagian besar waktu yang dihabiskan oleh bayi dan balita tersebut adalah di dalam rumah. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kualitas udara dalam rumah dan kondisi lingkungan rumah dengan terjadinya gangguan pernapasan pada bayi dan balita. Desain studi yang diterapkan adalah cross-sectional, dengan pengukuran kualitas udara yang meliputi parameter PM 10 dan Total Plate Count (TPC) Mikroorganisme Udara. Sebanyak 200 anak diteliti, ditemukan 31,5 persen yang mengalami batuk pilek dengan demam dan 51,5 persen yang mengalami batuk pilek dengan atau tanpa demam dalam dua minggu terakhir. Pangukuran kualitas udara ditemukan sebanyak 52,5 persen dari rumah yang diukur temyata telah melewati ambang batas kadar PM10 sebesar 90 μg/m3, dan 77.8 persen dari rumah yang diukur udaranya mengandung lebih dari 750.000 koloni/m3 total plate count mikroorganisme udara. Analisis statistik tidak menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kualitas udara dengan terjadinya gangguan pernapasan pada bayi dan balita. Namun demikian, terdapat perbedaan proporsi gangguan pernapasan yang cukup besar antara anak yang tinggal di rumah dengan kualitas udara yang buruk dengan anak yang tinggal di rumah dengan kualitas udara yang baik. Hubungan yang bermakna terdapat antara variabel rasio luas lubang angin/luas kamar dan variabel kebiasaan merokok dengan gangguan pernapasan. Pada anak yang tidur di kamar dengan ventilasi yang kurang. peluangnya untuk mengalami gangguan pernapasan adalah 3 - 3,589 kali lebih besar dari anak yang tidur di kamar dengan ventilasi yang cukup. Anak yang tinggal di rumah dengan perokok berpeluang untuk mengalami gangguan pernapasan 1,997 kali lebih besar daripada anak yang tinggal di rumah tanpa perokok. Variabel-variabel lingkungan rumah yang lain, walaupun tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna, namun memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan proporsi gangguan pernapasan yang cukup besar antara anak yang tinggal di rumah dengan kondisi lingkungna rumah yang buruk dibandingkan anak yang tinggal di rumah dengan kondisi lingkungan rumah yang baik. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis obat nyamuk, suhu dan kelembaban relatif udara, jumlah perokok dalam tiap rumah, serta jumlah rokok yang dihisap per hari dengan kadar PM10 di dalam rumah. Analisis linier ganda menghasilkan sebuah persamaan yang menjelaskan variasi kadar PM10 melalui variabel-variabel rasio luas lubang angin/luas rumah, kepadatan hunian rumah, kelembaban relatif udara, dan jumlah perokok dalam tiap rumah. Antara kelembaban relatif udara dengan TPC mikroba udara terdapat hubungan yang bermakna. Analisis regresi linier ganda menghasilkan persamaan yang menjelaskan variasi jumlah koloni mikroorganisme udara melalui variabel suhu dan kelembaban relatif udara dalam rumah. Secara keseluruhan, terdapat beberapa variabel yang patut mendapat perhatian karena secara konsisten berhubungan ataupun menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk berhubungan dengan kualitas udara dalam rumah dan dengan gangguan pemapasan pada bayi dan balita. Yaitu rasio luas lubang angin/luas kamar, rasio luas lubang angin/luas rumah, kepadatan hunian rumah, penggunaan obat nyamuk, dan kebiasaan merokok.

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The respiratory system is commonly affected by environmental agents and is often the body's first line of defense against them. According to the public health survey conducted in Kelurahan Cisalak in year 2001. respiratory disease was one of public health concern, especially in infants and voting children. Factors that influence the disease seemed to be indoor air quality, since infants and young children spent almost all of their time in home. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor air quality, housing environment, and respiratory disease in infants and young children. Study design was cross-sectional survey, including the measurement of PM to and total plate count (TPC) of airborne microorganisms as parameters of indoor air quality. A number of 200 hundred children were randomly selected. As much as 31.5 percents of the children had runny nose and cough with fever and 51.5 percents had runny nose and cough with or without fever in the last two weeks. The measurement of indoor air quality showed that 52.5 percents of houses had indoor PMI0 concentration over 90 µglm3, and 77.8 percents of the houses had more than 750.000 CFU/m3 of total plate count of airborne microorganisms. Bivariate analysis showed that there were no relationship between indoor air quality and respiratory disease in infants and young children. But the proportions of respiratory diseases were different between children who lived in bad indoor air quality and children who lived in good indoor air quality, Significant relationship was showed between bedroom ventilation and smoking with respiratory disease. Probability of having respiratory disease in children sleeping in inadequate bedroom ventilation was 3 - 3.589 times higher compared with children sleeping in adequate bedroom ventilation. Probability of having respiratory disease in children living with smokers was 1.997 times higher compared with children living in a house with no smoker. Although there were no significant relationship showed by other housing environment variables, the proportions of respiratory diseases were different between children who lived in bad housing-environment and children who lived in good housing environment. There were significant correlations between the use of mosquito killer, indoor air temperature and relative humidity, number of smoker in a house, and number of cigarrete per day with indoor PMi0 concentration. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a formula that could explain the variation of indoor PMio concentration from variables of house ventilation, living density in a house, relative humidity, and number of smoker in a house. There was a significant correlation between indoor relative humidity and total plate count of airborne microorganisms. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a formula that could explain the variation of total plate count of airborne microorganisms from variables of indoor air temperature and relative humidity, Some variables were important to be our concern because consistently showed significant relationships or tend to be related with indoor air quality and respiratory diseases in infants and young children. The variables were bed room ventilation, house ventilation, living density in a house, the use of mosquito killer, and smoking.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Periodontitis merupakan inflamasi kronis yang terjadi pada jaringan periodonsium, ditandai dengan hilangnya perlekatan ligamen periodontal dan kerusakan tulang alveolar. Periodontitis yang terus berlanjut tanpa ditangani dapat menyebabkan kehilangan gigi. Bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans merupakan salah satu bakteri yang memiliki berbagai faktor virulensi penyebab terjadinya periodontitis. Hal ini menyebabkan diperlukannya agen antibakteri, untuk melakukan kontrol terhadap aktivitas bakteri periodontopatogen. Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) diharapkan mampu menjadi agen antibakteri karena sifat antibakteri yang dimilikinya. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans secara in vitro. Metode: Uji zona hambat dan total plate count dilakukan dengan bahan uji gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 25%, gel klorheksidin 0,2% sebagai kontrol positif, serta gel tanpa bahan aktif sebagai kontrol negatif. Uji zona hambat dilakukan pada tiga koloni bakteri berbeda, dengan cara meletakkan cakram kertas yang telah dipaparkan bahan uji pada 5 plat agar Mueller-Hinton untuk tiap satu koloni bakteri. Pada uji total plate count, dilakukan penghitungan koloni bakteri yang tumbuh setelah dipaparkan bahan uji. Hasil: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 15% dan 25% menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p-value <0,05). Kesimpulan: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans pada konsentrasi 15% dan 25%. ......Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontium, characterized by loss of periodontal ligament attachment and alveolar bone destruction. The advanced form of periodontitis could lead to tooth loss. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a bacterial that has a significant role in periodontitis by its various virulence factors. Therefore, antibacterial agents are needed to control the periodontal pathogen bacteria activity. Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) could be an antibacterial agent because of its antibacterial effect. Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on in vitro study. Methods: Disk diffusion test (zone of inhibition) and total plate count test were performed using roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 25%, 0.2% chlorhexidine gel as positive control and blank gel as negative control. Zone of inhibition test was carried out on three different bacterial colonies, by placing paper disk that had been exposed to gel on 5 Mueller-Hinton agar plates for each bacterial colony. Total plate count test was performed by counting bacterial colonies after exposed from the test material. Results: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentrations of 15% and 25% showed statistically significant differences when compared to negative controls (p-value <0.05). Conclusions: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) is effective in inhibiting the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 15% and 25% concentrations.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Penyakit periodontal terjadi karena adanya keterlibatan mikroorganisme oral salah satunya adalah Fusobacterium nucleatum. Perawatan suportif penyakit periodontal dapat berupa penggunaan antiseptik sintetik atau alami seperti tanaman obat. Salah satunya adalah rosela yang dilaporkan memiliki khasiat antibakteri secara in vitro. Dalam upaya pengembangan bentuk sediaan, ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan gel. Tujuan: Mengetahui potensi antibakteri gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela terhadap Fusobacterium nucleatum. Metode:Uji zona hambat dilakukan dengan menghitung diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk pada kertas saring yang telah dipaparkan gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela pada media MHA yang sudah diinokulasi Fusobacterium nucleatum. Uji Total Plate Countdilakukan dengan menghitung jumlah koloni Fusobacterium nucleatumyang bertahan hidup setelah dipaparkan gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela. Hasil: Uji zona hambat, gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela konsentrasi 15% memiliki zona hambat yang setara dengan gel klorheksidin. Pada uji Total Plate Count, adanya penurunan jumlah koloniFusobacterium nucleatumpada gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 25% yang setara dengan gel klorheksidin 0,2%. Kesimpulan: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga konsentrasi 10%, 15%,25% memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Fusobacterium nucleatum. ......Background:Periodontal disease occurs due to the involvement the presence of oral microorganisms, one of them is Fusobacterium nucleatum. Supportive treatment of periodontal disease can use synthetic or natural antiseptics such as medicinal plants. One of them is roselle which is reported to has antibacterial effect (in vitro). In developing the dosage form, roselle calyx ethanol extract is developed into gel form. Objective: To determine the antibacterial effect of roselle calyx ethanol extract gel at 10%, 15%, and 25% concentration on Fusobacterium nucleatum. Method: The inhibition zone test was carried out by counting the inhibition zone formed on paper disc that had been exposed to the roselle calyx ethanol extract gel on MHA media that had been inoculated by Fusobacterium nucleatum. Total Plate Count test was performed by counting the colonies of Fusobacterium nucleatumthat survived after being exposed to roselle calyx ethanol extract gel. Result: In inhibition zone test, 15% concentration roselle calyx ethanol extract gel showed inhibition zone equivalent to chlorhexidine gel. Total plate count test showed that at 10%, 15%, and 25% concentration gel,Fusobacterium nucleatumcolonies have survived equivalent to chlorhexidine gel. Conclusion: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel at 10%, 15%, and 25% concentration have antibacterial effect to Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Abstrak :
Seleksi bakteri pelarut fosfat dan kajian produksi sel bakteri terpilih menggunakan medium Pikovskaya dengan modifikasi sumber karbon (glukosa teknis dan molase) dan nitrogen (urea dan tepung ikan) telah dilakukan. Penelitian bertujuan menyeleksi 20 isolat bakteri yang memiliki aktivitas pelarut fosfat terbaik dalam medium mengandung senyawa Ca3(PO4)2 dan batuan fosfat serta mengkaji komposisi medium produksi sel bakteri pelarut fosfat isolat terpilih menggunakan medium Pikovskaya dengan variasi sumber karbon dan sumber nitrogen. Produksi sel dilakukan selama 48 jam menggunakan 5 variasi medium Pikovskaya dengan komposisi sumber karbon dan nitrogen yang berbeda (M1, M2, M3, M4, dan M5). Metode Total Plate Count (TPC) digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah sel bakteri yang diuji tiap interval 6 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan isolat GRTL 6.2 dan GRTL 7.3 diidentifikasi sebagai Burkholderia seminalis dan Burkholderia cenocepacia. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan oleh Indonesia Culture Collection (InaCC), LIPI, Cibinong. Kedua isolat memiliki rata-rata indeks pelarutan fosfat (IPF) tertinggi dengan nilai masing-masing 4,38 dan 3,92, selanjutnya digunakan dalam tahap kajian produksi sel BPF. Jumlah sel kedua isolat pada akhir masa inkubasi (48 jam) berkisar 5,4 - 5,6x1013 CFU/ml. Data statistik dengan uji Anova (P>0,05) menunjukkan jumlah sel kedua isolat pada kelima medium perlakuan tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata. Glukosa teknis dan molase dapat menggantikan glukosa sebagai sumber karbon, sedangkan urea dan tepung ikan dapat menggantikan yeast extract sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk produksi sel bakteri pelarut fosfat. ...... Screening of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and study of producing selected bacteria cell by using Pikovskaya medium with carbon source (technical glucose and molasses) and nitrogen (urea and fish meal) modification have been done. This research aims at selecting 20 bacterial isolates that have phosphate solubilizing activity in Pikovskaya medium with a compound Ca3(PO4)2 and phosphate rock as well as examining the composition of production medium of the PSB cell selected using Pikovskaya medium with a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. Cell production was done within 48 hours by using five types of medium Pikovskaya with different variations in the composition of carbon and nitrogen sources (M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5). Total Plate Count (TPC) method was used to calculate the number of bacterial cells that were tested with 6 hours interval each. The result shows isolates GRTL 6.2 and GRTL 7.3 were identified as Burkholderia seminalis and Burkholderia cenocepacia. Identification of bacteria carried by Indonesia Culture Collection (InaCC), LIPI Cibinong. Both isolates had an average of phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) with the highest value of each is 4.38 and 3.92, and they are later used in the assessment stage of PSB cell production. Results calculation the two isolates cell numbers at the end of the incubation period (48 hours) is 5,4 - 5,6x1013 CFU/ml. Statistical data by Anova (P> 0.05) showed that there is no real difference in an average yield of TPC of both isolates in the fifth treatment medium. Technical glucose and molasses can replace glucose as the carbon source whereas urea and fish flour can replace yeast extract as nitrogen source in the Pikovskaya medium for the production of phosphate solubilizing bacterial cells.

Abstrak :
Ekstrak biji melinjo Gnetum gnemon L. diketahui berperan dalam aktivitas penghambatan HMG-KoA reduktase. Sedangkan iradiasi adalah salah satu metode dalam sterilisasi bahan alam. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh iradiasi gama terhadap aktivitas penghambatan HMG-KoA reduktase dan angka lempeng total pada biji melinjo. Biji melinjo diiradiasi dengan berbagai dosis yaitu 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5, dan 10 kGy. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode refluks dengan pelarut etanol. Angka lempeng total ALT ditentukan menggunakan metode aerobic count plate melalui pengenceran suspensi serbuk biji melinjo. Sementara uji aktivitas penghambatan HMG-KoA reduktase menggunakan assay kit HMG-KoA reduktase. Dalam uji aktivitas penghambatan HMG-KoA reduktase, diperoleh persentase penghambatan oleh standar pravastatin sebesar 97,41 dengan IC50 76,70 nM. Ekstrak biji melinjo berbagai dosis iradiasi diuji aktivitas penghambatannya dan diperoleh persentase penghambatan tertinggi sebesar 97,30 pada dosis iradiasi 2,5 kGy. Pada penetapan ALT, serbuk biji melinjo berbagai dosis iradiasi menunjukkan tidak adanya pertumbuhan mikroba. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa biji melinjo berada dalam kondisi steril dan iradiasi 2,5 kGy adalah dosis optimum untuk menghambat HMG-KoA reduktase secara signifikan.

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Melinjo Gnetum gnemon L. seed extract is known to play a role in the inhibitory activity of HMG CoA reductase. Irradiation is a method to sterilize natural products. This study aimed to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on the inhibitory activity of HMG CoA reductase and total plate count TPC . Melinjo seeds were irradiated with various doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy. The extraction was carried out by ethanol using reflux method. TPC was determined by aerobic count plates method using stock dilution of melinjo seeds powder suspensions. HMG CoA inhibitory activity was determined using HMG CoA reductase assay kit. In determination of HMG CoA reductase, the inhibitory percentage of pravastatin standard was 97.41 and the IC50 was 76.70 nM. Irradiated melinjo seed extracts were tested for inhibitory activity and the highest inhibition percentages were 97.30 of 2,5 kGy. In the determination of TPC, the powder of melinjo seeds for all irradiation doses showed no microbial growth. Based on this research, it can be concluded that non irradiated and irradiated melinjo seeds were free from microbial growth and the gamma irradiation dose of 2.5 kGy was optimum dose to inhibit HMG CoA reductase, significantly.

Abstrak :
Bioaerosol merupakan partikulat biologis yang mengudara dan berpotensi menularkan penyakit jika mengandung agen patogenik. Karena ukurannya yang relatif kecil, bioaerosol dapat dengan mudah tersuspensi di udara dan mudah terdispersi hingga terhirup oleh makhluk hidup. Radiasi ultraviolet (UV), terutama spektrum UVC dengan kisaran gelombang 200-280 nm bersifat letal karena menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Pemanfaatan radiasi UVC menjadi metode alternatif untuk membantu membatasi transmisi bioaerosol dari individu satu ke individu lain dalam ruang tertutup dengan mengurangi konsentrasi mikroorganisme patogenik di udara. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi tingkat efektivitas germisida cahaya UVC dari perangkat UVC komersial. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 3 tahapan utama: menguji efek germisida secara kualitatif dengan metode pemaparan langsung; menguji efek germisida secara kuantitatif dengan metode total plate count (TPC); dan evaluasi efek germisida dengan aplikasi pada ruang menggunakan metode settle plate. Hasil data kuantitatif diperoleh melalui pengamatan visual terhadap pertambahan jumlah koloni mikroorganisme sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa radiasi UVC memberikan pengaruh nyata dalam mereduksi jumlah koloni uji yang tumbuh dan total populasi mikroorganisme udara ruang bila dibandingkan dengan koloni kontrol. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iradiasi UVC secara langsung dengan jarak 2 meter efektif menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme hingga 99,9%. ......Bioaerosols are biological particulates that settle in the air and have the potential to transmit disease if they contain pathogenic agents. Due to their relatively small size, bioaerosols can easily be suspended in the air and easily dispersed until they are inhaled by living things. Ultraviolet radiation (UV), especially the UVC spectrum with a wave range of 200-280 nm is lethal because it inhibits the growth of microorganisms. Utilization of UVC radiation is considered as an alternative method to help limiting the transmission of bioaerosols from one individual to another in closed spaces by reducing the concentration of pathogenic microbes in the air. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the effectiveness of UVC light germicides from commercial UVC devices. The research was carried out in 3 main stages: qualitatively testing the effects of germicides using the direct exposure method; to test the germicidal effect quantitatively using the total plate count (TPC) method; and evaluation of the germicidal effect by application to room space using the settle plate method. The results of the data were obtained through visual observation of the increase in number of sampling microorganism colonies. The results showed that UVC radiation had a significant effect in reducing the number of growing test colonies and the total population of room air microorganisms when compared to control colonies. Research shows that direct UVC irradiation with a distance of 2 meters effectively inhibits the growth of microorganisms up to 99.9%.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Salah satu bakteri penyebab periodontitis adalah Treponema denticola. Untuk perawatan penyakit periodontal diperlukan aplikasi terapi topikal antibakteri tambahan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan dibanding hanya dengan terapi tunggal seperti kuretase. Ekstrak tanaman rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) memiliki khasiat antibakteri yang dapat melawan bakteri Gram negatif seperti Treponema denticola. Dalam upaya pengembangan bentuk sediaan, ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan gel. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Treponema denticola. Metode: Uji zona hambat dilakukan dengan meletakkan cakram kertas yang dipaparkan gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela 10%, 15%, 25%, kontrol positif, dan kontrol negatif di atas medium mueller-hinton agar yang telah diinokulasi bakteri Treponema denticola lalu diinkubasi dalam waktu 6 jam dengan suhu 37^oC pada kondisi anaerob. Uji total plate count dilakukan dengan menghitung jumlah koloni Treponema denticola yang masih hidup setelah dipaparkan dengan gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela 10%, 15%, 25% serta kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. Hasil: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela konsentrasi 15% dan 25% menunjukkan efek zona hambat terhadap bakteri Treponema denticola. Pada uji total plate count, gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 25% menunjukkan pengurangan jumlah koloni bakteri Treponema denticola. Kesimpulan: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 25% terbukti paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Treponema denticola ATCC 33520. ......Introduction: One of the bacteria that causes periodontitis is Treponema denticola. For the treatment of periodontal disease, an additional antibacterial therapy by topical application to accelerate healing is needed rather than a single therapy such as curettage. The ethanol extract of the rosella plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) has an antibacterial agent that can against Gram-negative bacteria such as Treponema denticola. In an effort to develop the dosage form, ethanol extract of roselle calyx was made in gel form. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) as an antibacterial against Treponema denticola. Methods: Inhibition zone test was carried out by placing paper discs exposed with 10%, 15%, 25% rosella calyx extract gel ethanol, positive control, and negative control on the mueller-hinton agar medium which had been inoculated with T. denticola bacteria and then incubated within 6 hours with a temperature of 37^oC in anaerobic conditions. Total plate count test is done by counting the number of T. denticola colonies that are still alive after being exposed with 10%, 15%, 25% rosella calyx extract gel as well as positive and negative controls. Result: The gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentration of 15% and 25% showed the effect of inhibitory zones on the bacterium Treponema denticola. In the total plate count test, gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) with a concentration of 10%, 15%, and 25% showed reduction in the number of Treponema denticola colonies. Conclusion: The gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentration of 25% was proven to be the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacterium Treponema denticola ATCC 33520.