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"Tugas sarjana ini berisi rancangan sistem tata udara ruang produksi obat sterl P.T. Bristol Myers Squibb Indonesia. Sistam tata udara dirancang dengan menarapkan konsep dasar rqang barsih. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar obat yang sedang da1arn prosas produksi tidak terkontaminasi oleh partikel melayang (airborne particle) yang ada di udara, baik barupa bakteri maupun partikel padat.Kondisi udara dalam ruangan (konsentrasi partikel, temperatur, keIembaban, tekanan ruangan, bentuk aliran udara dan penerangan)d'ir'anc:a.ng untuk memenuhi persyaratan Pedoman Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik (CPOB) yang diterbitkan Departemen Kesehatan FLI.Untuk mencapai kelas kebarsihan yang disyaratkan, udara yang telah dikondisikan daiam unit pengolah udara (AHU) disuplai ke dalam ruangan melalui HEPA filter dan untuk ruangan dengan kelas kebarsihan yang paIing tinggi yaitu dalam ruang pendinginan dan ruang pangisian obat steril dialirkan aliran udara satu arah (Unidirectional Air Flow). Hasil rancangan menunjukkan bahwa dengan manggunakan modal ruang bersih dangan sistem konfigurasi seperti ini dapat dicapai kondisi ruangan dengan tingkat kebersihan keIas I."

"Prevalensi infeksi jamur sistemik (mikosis sistemik) dilaporkan semakin meningkat serta mengakibatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi, terutama pada pasien dengan gangguan sistem imun. Mikosis sistemik dapat disebabkan oleh jamur yang berada di lingkungan masyarakat maupun rumah sakit, termasuk ruang perawatan intensif (ICU). Pada umumnya jamur kontaminan tersebut masuk ke dalam tubuh pasien melalui saluran napas (inhalasi) maupun kontaminasi peralatan di lingkungan perawatan pasien.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil jamur yang diisolasi dari udara pada ruang perawatan intensif di beberapa rumah sakit di Jakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian multisenter tentang aspergilosis invasif di ICU beberapa RS di Jakarta. Metode penelitian ini berdisain potong lintang dan pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara konsekutif pada ruang rawat intensif di empat RS. Sampel jamur diisolasi menggunakan cawan petri mengandung media agar saboraud dekstrosa yang dibiarkan terbuka selama 15 menit di ruang perawatan, selanjutnya dilakukan proses inkubasi dan identifikasi jamur di laboratorium mikologi untuk mengetahui profil jamur yang diisolasi dari ruang perawatan tersebut. Jamur yang berhasil diisolasi dari ruang perawatan intensif pada penelitian ini umumnya terdiri atas beberapa spesies, yaitu Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), dan Candida sp. (3%). Profil spesies jamur A. niger, A. fumigatus dan Dematiaceae ditemukan di empat rumah sakit, sedangkan Rhodotorulla dan Mycelia sterilia di temukan di tiga rumah sakit. Adapun Penicillium sp. dan Candida sp. hanya ditemukan di satu rumah sakit.Kesimpulannya, profil spesies jamur udara di ruang perawatan intensif pada penelitian ini terdiri atas Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), dan Candida sp. (3%).

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The prevalence of systemic fungal infection (systemic mycosis) is increasing, and cause high number of mortality and morbidity, especially for immunocopromised patients. Systemic mycosis can be cause by fungal species found in either community or hospital environment, including intensive care unit (ICU). Generally, this fungal contaminants infect the patient's body through the respiratory tract (inhalation) as well as contamination of equipment in patient's environment.

This study aims to find out the profile of airborne fungal species that isolated from the air in intensive care unit at several hospitals in Jakarta. This study is part of a multicenter study on invasive aspergillosis in ICU at several hospitals in Jakarta. The cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive samplings taken from ICU in four hospitals. The sample taken using petri dish containing dextrose saboraud agar that placed about 1m height and open to air for 15 minutes. Then, the process of incubation and fungal identification done in mycology laboratory to know the profile of airborne fungal species isolated from ICU. The fungal species that were isolated from the intensive care unit were consist of several species, which were Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), and Candida sp. (3%). The fungal species profile of A.niger, A.fumigatus and Dematiaceae were found in all four hospitals, while Rhodotorulla and Mycelia sterilia were found in three hospitals and Penicillium sp. and Candida sp. were only found in one hospital.

In conclusion, the profile of airborne fungal species in intensive care unit in this study consisted of Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), and Candida sp. (3%)."

"Pandemi COVID-19 yang melanda dunia pada awal tahun 2020 menyebabkan terhentinya berbagai kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di ruangan tertutup seperti pembelajaran di ruang kelas. Hal tersebut diakibatkan oleh penyebaran wabah yang menyebar melalui kontak langsung dengan orang yang terinfeksi dan melalui perantara aerosol yang mengendap di udara yang memiliki kualitas yang kurang baik. Salah satu cara yang dapat ditempuh untuk menanggulangi penyebaran virus adalah dengan meningkatkan kualitas Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) di dalam ruangan. Tulisan ini dibuat bertujuan untuk mengkaji aspek apa saja yang perlu diperhatikan di dalam Ruang Studio Mahasiswa Arsitektur di Universitas Indonesia dalam rangka beradaptasi dengan pandemi COVID-19 terkait kualitas pengudaraan. Penulisan ini diawali dengan peninjauan berbagai literatur yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan pembahasan, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan melihat dan mengambil data ruang Kelas Studio serta menguji berbagai jenis kombinasi adaptasi pengudaraan yang sudah dan akan diterapkan di dalam ruang studio Departemen Arsitektur Universitas Indonesia. Hasil dari pengamatan kemudian diolah dan kemudian didapatkan kombinasi adaptasi yang terbaik untuk menghadapi COVID-19 di dalam ruangan Studio Departemen Arsitektur Universitas Indonesia.

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The COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world at the beginning of 2020 caused the cessation of various activities carried out in closed rooms such as learning in classrooms. This is caused by the spread of the virus through direct contact with infected people and through aerosols that settle in the air of poor quality. One of the ways that can be taken to overcome the spread of the virus is to improve the quality of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in the room. This writing examines aspects that need to be considered in the Architecture Student Studio at the Universitas Indonesia to adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic related to air quality. This writing begins with a review of various literature related to the discussion, then proceeds with viewing and retrieving Studio Classroom data and testing various types of combinations of air adaptations that have been applied in the Architecture Student Studio at the Universitas Indonesia. The results from the observations were then processed, and the best combination will be used for COVID-19 prevention in the studio."

"Jumlah pasien COVID-19 terus bertambah. Di sisi lain, penularan virus melalui udara (airborne) merupakan masalah yang serius. Virus menular langsung melalui batuk dan nafas dari orang yang terinfeksi ke orang lain. Virus juga tetap berada di permukaan dan hidup selama berjam-jam bahkan berhari-hari; dapat menyen penyebaran secara tidak langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengontrol aliran udara di ruang isolasi pasien COVID-19 menggunakan air purifier fotokatalis dengan tujuan mencegah penularan virus dari pasien ke tenaga medis, serta mengevaluasi kinerja air purifier di ruang isolasi pasien rumah sakit, sistem pola aliran udara ruangan dan mengevaluasi pengaruh laju aliran udara suplai dan temperatur udara suplai pada tubuh pola aliran udara, dan menentukan kombinasi optimal laju aliran udara dan temperatur udara suplai. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan simulasi dan eksperimen di ruang pasien rumah sakit. Penelitian ini akan menghasilkan satu artikel yang dimuat di jurnal internasional. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga akan menghasilkan prototipe alat pembersih udara di ruang isolasi pasien.

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The number of COVID-19 patients continues to grow. In other hand, the virus transmission through the air (airborne) is a serious problem. The viruses transmit directly through the coughing and breath from an infected person to others. Viruses also remain on surfaces and live for hours and even days; may cause to spread indirectly. This study aims to control air flow in the isolation room of COVID-19 patients with the aim of preventing transmission of the virus from patients to medical personnel, as well as to evaluate the performance of the photocatalyst air purifier in the hospital patient isolation, room air flow pattern system and evaluate the effect of supply air flow rate and supply air temperature on airflow pattern’s body, and determining the optimal combination of airflow rate and supply air temperature. This research was conducted by simulation and experiment in the hospital patient room. This research will result in one article published in an international journal. In addition, this research will also produce a prototype of an air purifier in the patient isolation room."

"[ABSTRAKPM2,5 merupakan salah satu indikator adanya pencemaran udara dalamruang (indoor air pollution). Indonesia termasuk peringkat kelima jumlah kasus TBterbesar di dunia, dan Kota Cirebon merupakan kota dengan angka penemuan kasusTB paru tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis hubungan PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah dengan kejadian TBparu BTA positif di Kota Cirebon.Disain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus adalah penderitabaru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan hasil pemeriksaan sputum positifberdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas periode November 2014 s/d April2015 serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Kriteria kontrol adalah tetanggaterdekat kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TBparu berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas setempat, berusia minimal 15tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Total jumlah sampel adalah 168responden dengan jumlah kasus adalah 84 responden, dan kontrol 84 responden.Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah berpengaruh terhadapkejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon (OR 7,034; 95% CI 3,570 ? 13,860).Variabel lainnya yang signifikan adalah jenis kelamin (OR 3,947; 95% CI 2,026-7,692), lama berada di rumah (OR 2,682; 95% CI 1,430 ? 5,028), jenis bahan bakarmemasak (OR 3,260; 95% CI 1,116-9,523), status merokok (OR 3,034; 95% CI1,446 ? 6,365), jenis atap rumah (OR 3,713; 95% CI 1,945 ? 7,089), dan lajuventilasi kamar (OR 2,493; 95% CI 1,264 ? 4,918). Hasil analisis multivariatdengan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumahberhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI2,904-12,975) dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin, jenis atap rumah, dan lajuventilasi kamar. Masih banyak rumah yang belum dilengkapi jendela atauventilasinya kurang, atap rumah tidak dilengkapi oleh langit-langit, sehingga masihbanyak rumah yang tidak memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat. Diperlukan upayapeningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kriteria rumah sehat,dan masyarakat agar menjaga pola perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, termasuk tidakmerokok.

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ABSTRACTPM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.;PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking., PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.]"

"ABSTRAKRuang Operasi merupakan ruangan yang harus berada dalam kondisi steril, hal ini dikarenakan pada proses operasi pasien rentan untuk terinfeksi kuman-kuman yang berada di udara. Telah dilakukan pengambilan data pada ruang operasi di sebuah rumah sakit di Jakarta. Dari data yang diperoleh, masih terdapat beberapa parameter yang belum memenuhi standar, seperti kelembaban, dan jumlah partikel (ukuran 0.3, 0.5, dan 1µm) yang terdapat di dalam ruangan. Oleh karena itu dilakukan perancangan ulang sistem tata udara pada ruang operasi dengan memperhatikan standar ASHRAE dan Standar mentri kesehatan, mulai dari perhitungan beban pendingin, kebutuhan volume aliran udara, penentuan letak ducting dan peralatan yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem tata udara di ruang operasi. Hasil dari perancangan ini kemudian disimulasikan dengan program FloVENT versi 8.2, dan dibandingkan dengan simulasi pada keadaan aktual yang datanya disesuaikan dengan hasil pengukuran. Pada proses pembuatan model di simulasi, peletakan alat-alat operasi, jumlah orang pada proses operasi, dan beban pendingin yang berada di dalam ruangan disesuaikan dengan keadaan aktual. Dari hasil simulasi dapat terlihat perbedaan pola aliran udara antara ruang operasi dengan keadaan aktual dan ruang operasi hasil perancangan. Perbedaan pola aliran udara ini terletak pada aliran turbulensi pada ruang operasi dengan keadaan aktual yang hanya mempunyai dua bagian pembuangan. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan partikel-partikel yang berada di ruang operasi terus berputar mengikuti aliran turbulen dan meningkatkan kemungkinan partikel-partikel tersebut masuk ke dalam tubuh pasien yang dioperasi. Pada ruang operasi hasil perancangan baru terlihat bahwa aliran udara di sekitar meja operasi laminer, dan membuat partikel langsung terhisap ke bagian pembuangan udara.

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ABSTRACTOperating room is a room that must be in clean conditions, this is due to in the process of surgery patients are very vulnerable to bacterial infection in the air. Data collection has been done in the operating room in a hospital in Jakarta. From the data that obtained, there are some parameters that do not meet the standards, such as humidity, and the number of particles in the air (size 0.3, 0.5 and 1μm) contained in the room. So the writer does the redesign of the ventilation systems in the operating room that follows the ASHRAE standards and Health Minister standards. The steps of redesign the operating room are calculating the cooling load, airflow requirements, determination the location of the ducting, and equipment needed in the ventilation systems operating rooms. Then the result of the design is simulated with software FloVENT 8.2, and compared with the simulation that uses the existing data in the operating room. In the modeling simulation process, the equipment for operation, number of occupants, and the cooling load in the room are adapted to actual circumstances. From simulation results can be seen different patterns of air flow between the operating room with existing state and operating room with the new design. This air flows pattern difference lies in the turbulence flow in the operating room existing that only have two return air grill, so the airflow in the side that do not have return air grill become turbulent flows. This can cause the aerosol particles follow the turbulent flow and keep rotating in the operating room, and increase the likelihood of these particles enter the body of the patient. In the operating room design results, it can be seen that the airflow around the operating room is laminar, it make the particles inhaled directly to the return air grill. "

"Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi masalah serius pada seperempat populasi manusia di seluruh dunia. Berbagai mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi berperan meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien berisiko tinggi diantaranya pasien dengan gangguan imunitas dan atau kondisi sakit berat. Jamur merupakan mikroorganisme penyebab berbagai penyakit mulai dari alergi, hipersensitivitas saluran napas atau asma, maupun infeksi sistemik yang mengancam jiwa, misalnya kandidiasis sistemik, aspergilosis sistemik, serta infeksi jamur lain. Transmisi infeksi jamur sistemik biasanya melalui inhalasi spora maupun kontaminasi elemen jamur di lingkungan sekitar pasien. Keberadaan jamur di lingkungan sekitar pasien penting mendapat perhatian mengingat potensinya sebagai sumber infeksi, termasuk di lingkungan rumah sakit.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman spesies jamur yang diisolasi dari lingkungan rumah sakit, dan merupakan bagian dari penelitian multisenter aspergilosis invasif pada pasien sakit berat di beberapa rumah sakit di Jakarta. Mengingat neonatus merupakan salah satu kelompok pasien berisiko tinggi mengalami infeksi jamur sistemik di rumah sakit, maka lokasi penelitian ini difokuskan pada lingkungan ruang perawatan intensif neonatus NICU. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara konsekutif pada lingkungan NICU di dua rumah sakit, baik di bagian dalam maupun luar NICU. Sampel udara diambil menggunakan cawan petri berisi agar Saboraud dekstrosa selama 15 menit pada ketinggian 100-150 cm, setelah itu dilakukan inkubasi dan pengamatan selama tujuh hari di laboratorium.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat delapan jenis jamur yang diisolasi dari lingkungan NICU, yaitu Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida sp., Dematiceae sp., Mycelia sterilia, Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichosporon sp. Spesies jamur yang paling sering ditemukan adalah Mycelia sterilia dan Aspergillus fumigatus.

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Infectious diseases are still a serious problem affecting a quarter of the human population worldwide. Numerous microorganisms causing infection served to increase morbidity and mortality rate in high risk patients, including immunocompromised and or critically ill patients. Fungi are microorganisms that cause a variety of diseases ranging from allergies, hypersensitivity respiratory or asthma, as well as life threatening systemic infections, such as systemic candidiasis, systemic aspergillosis, and other fungal infections. Transmission of systemic fungal infection is usually through inhalation of the spores or fungal elements contamination in the environment around the patient. The presence of fungi in the environment around the patient extremely needs attention considering its potency as a source of infection, including in a hospital environment.

This study aims to identify the diversity of fungal species isolated from the hospital environment, and is part of a multicentre study of invasive aspergillosis in patients with serious illness at several hospitals in Jakarta. Considering neonate is one group of patients at high risk of systemic fungal infections in the hospital, subsequently the location of this research is focused on the environment of neonatal intensive care unit NICU . The sample was taken consecutively in the NICU environment at two hospitals, both indoor and outdoor of the NICU. Air samples were taken using a petri dish containing Saboroud rsquo s dextrose agar for 15 minutes at a height of 100 150 cm, after it conducted incubation and observation for seven days in the laboratory.

The results showed there are eight types of fungi isolated from the NICU environment, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida sp., Dematiceae sp., Mycelia sterilia, Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichosporon sp. The most commonly fungal species found are Mycelia sterilia and Aspergillus fumigatus."

"ABSTRAKSistem tata udara pada ruang operasi berperan penting dari segi kenyamanan tim bedah dan pasien. Selain dari segi kenyamanan, sistem tata udara juga memiliki fungsi untuk mengurangi jumlah partikel di udara ruang operasi selama proses pembedahan berlangsung. Pada ruang operasi yang diteliti didapat banyak parameter-parameter yang tidak memenuhi standar ruang operasi menurut ASHRAE 170 dan ISO 14644-1 sehingga dibutuhkan perancangan ulang sistem tata udara yang baru. Sistem tata udara yang dirancang harus memenuhi semua standar parameter ruang operasi yang berlaku seperti kebutuhan udara segar, suhu, tekanan, kecepatan udara diatas meja operasi, dan tingkat konsentrasi partikel kontaminan. Pentlitian ini menggunakan program FloVent 8.2 untuk melakukan simulasi terkait parameter ruang operasi baik pada kondisi ruang operasi existing maupun kondisi hasil desain. Hasil simulasi selanjutnya dibandingkan dan terlihat bahwa pola aliran udara pada ruang operasi existing tidak terlalu baik dalam penyapuan partikel keluar ruangan sehingga berdampak pada tingginya konsentrasi partikel yang terdisipasi di udara. Selain pola aliran udara, kondisi suhu dan kenyamanan termal pengguna ruangan masih belum sesuai dengan standar yang berlaku dan telah terjadi penurunan efisiensi HEPA filter menjadi 93 terhadap partikel ukuran 0.3 m. Sedangkan ruang operasi hasil desain menunjukan pola aliran udara laminar yang cukup baik menyapu partikel keluar ruangan. Hasil simulasi juga menunjukan bahwa sistem tata udara hasil desain telah memenuhi parameter ruang operasi yang diatur dalam standar ASHRAE 170 dan ISO 14644-1. Kata kunci: ASHRAE 170; HEPA filter; ISO 14644-1; parameter ruang operasi; pola aliran udara; ruang operasi; sistem tata udara

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ABSTRACTAir conditioning system for operating room has an important rule for surgeon and patient comfortable. Beside from comfortable side, air conditioning system has another function to decrease airborne particle in operating room during operation. At the operating room that researched, there are many parameters that are not appropriate with operating room standard based on ASHRAE 170 and ISO 14644 1, so that we need to design a new air conditioning system for the operating room. The new design has to meet all the operating room parameter standards prevail, such as fresh air needed, temperature, pressure, air speed above operating bed, and airborne contamination level. The research uses FloVent 8.2 software program to do simulation related to the operating room parameters whether in existing condition and also the new design. The simulation results than compared, and we can see that airflow pattern in existing condition operating room is not too good to sweep airborne particles out of the room, so that makes the airborne particle dissipated in the air of the operating room. Beside the airflow pattern, temperature condition and the occupation thermal comfort do not meet the standard too and the HEPA filter efficiency has decline to 93 for particle size 0.3 m. While the new operating room design shows the laminar airflow pattern that good enough to sweep particles out of the room. The simulation results show that the new air conditioning system has statisfy the operating room parameters which regulated in ASHRAE 170 and ISO 14644 1 standard. Keywords Air conditioning system airflow pattern ASHRAE 170 HEPA filter ISO 14644 1 operating room operating room parameters."

"Banyaknya waktu yang digunakan masyarakat perkotaan untuk beraktivitas di dalam ruangan dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan akibat kualitas udara di dalam ruangan, seperti Sick Building Syndrome SBS . Tidak hanya pada pekerja di perkantoran, siswa sekolah juga berisiko terhadap SBS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah koloni bakteri di udara dalam ruang kelas dengan kejadian SBS pada siswa di SMAN 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan. Digunakan desain studi cross-sectional dengan variabel independen adalah jumlah koloni bakteri; variabel independen adalah kejadian SBS; dan suhu, kelembaban, pencahayaan, jenis kelamin, status gizi, riwayat alergi, riwayat asthma, hewan peliharaan, kebiasaan melewatkan sarapan, kebiasaan berolahraga, kebiasaan mengonsumsi camilan, serta kebiasaan merokok adalah variabel kovariat. Analisis statistik menunjukkan proporsi kejadian SBS sebesar 59,8 dan jumlah koloni bakteri tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian SBS. Riwayat asthma, kebiasaan melewatkan sarapan, dan kebiasaan berolahraga berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian SBS. Siswa yang berada di kelas dengan jumlah koloni bakteri di udara< 135 koloni berisiko mengalami kejadian SBS 1,677 kali lebih tinggi, setelah dikontrol oleh variabel kebiasaan sarapan, kebiasaan berolahraga, dan pencahayaan.

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It has been estimated that people spend almost 90 of their time indoors, mainly in urban areas. This could lead to health problems caused by the indoor air quality, such as Sick Building Syndrome SBS . Besides the office workers population, there is also increasing concern about SBS problem in school student. Using cross sectional study design, the associations between total indoor air bacterial count in the classroom and SBS in students of 2 Tangerang Selatan High School was investigated. We determined the total bacterial count as dependent variable SBS incidence as independent variabel classroom temperature, humidity, and lighting intensity as environmental covariate variables and gender, nutritional status, history of allergy and asthma pet ownership skipping breakfast snacking habit exercising habit and smoking habit as individual covariate variables. Statistical analysis results showed a high proportion of SBS 59,8 and the total indoor air bacterial count is not significantly associated with SBS. History of asthma, skipping breakfast, and exercising habit are significantly associated with SBS. Students who are studying in classroom with total bacterial count 135 colony have 1,677 times higher risk of experiencing SBS than the non risk group."