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Abstrak :
Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) mulai menyebar ke berbagai belahan dunia sejak Desember 2019 yang diketahui pertama kali ditemukan di Wuhan, China. Tentu saja hal ini telah membawa bencana besar bagi 216 negara di dunia, pasalnya tidak ada satu negara pun yang imun terhadap virus ini dan epidemi telah menyebar ke berbagai benua dan menyerang banyak aspek pada masyarakat dunia. Kondisi memperihantinkan seperti ini menuntut negara berperan lebih kuat dengan memberikan proteksi pelayanan yang lebih baik. Selain itu juga, kondisi seperti ini menimbulkan pertanyaan besar tentang bagaimana negara-negara di dunia mengatasi hal ini. Di tengah Pandemi COVID-19 ini banyak ilmuwan berlomba untuk segera menemukan vaksin yang efektif untuk melawan virus ini. Contoh salah satu yang berhasil adalah penemuan ModernaTX, Inc., yang merupakan perusahaan biofarmasi yang berfokus pada penelitian, pengembangan, pembuatan, dan komersialisasi vaksin, dan perusahaan ini berbasis di Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amerika Serikat. Melihat pandemi COVID-19 yang semakin memperhatikan, terlebih lagi di negara berkembang, banyak negara yang mendesak untuk dilakukannya pengabaian sementara aturan paten (patent waiver) Vaksin COVID-19 di masa krisis ini. Misalnya India dan Afrika Selatan yang mengajukan Proposal Paten Waiver kepada WTO, alasannya tidak lain agar vaksin bisa dijangkau oleh semua kalangan dan diharapkan dapat menangani pandemi COVID-19. Tentu hal ini menimbulkan polemik diantara negara maju dan negara berkembang di mana ada dua kepentingan yang berbeda, negara yang satu melindungi investornya dan negara yang satu melindungi masyarakatnya. Dari sini dapat kita lihat bahwa COVID-19 banyak menyisakan ruang persoalan tersendiri, Oleh karenanya bagaimana cara hukum bekerja di tengah carut marut situasi ini penting untuk didiskusikan. ......Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) began to spread to various parts of the world since December 2019 which is known to have been first discovered in Wuhan, China. Certainly this has brought great disaster to 216 countries in the world, because no country is immune to this virus and the epidemic has spread to various continents and attacked many aspects of the world community. This worrying condition demands that the state play a stronger role by providing better service protection. Besides that, conditions like this raise big questions about how countries in the world overcome this. In the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic, many scientists are racing to quickly find an effective vaccine against this virus. An example of one that has worked is the invention of ModernaTX, Inc., which is a biopharmaceutical company that focuses on research, development, manufacture and commercialization of vaccines, and this company is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. Seeing the COVID-19 pandemic which is getting more and more attention, especially in developing countries, many countries are urging for a temporary waiver of patent regulations (patent waivers) COVID-19 vaccine in this time of crisis. For example, India and South Africa submitted proposals Waiver Patent to the WTO, the reason is none other than so that vaccines can be reached by all groups and it is hoped that they can deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Certainly this creates a polemic between developed and developing countries where there are two different interests, one country protects its investors and the other country protects its people. From this we can see that COVID-19 has left a lot of space for its own problems. Therefore, it is important to discuss how the law works in the midst of this chaotic situation.

Abstrak :
WHO menetapkan Covid-19 sebagai pandemi dengan jutaan orang yang terinfeksi dan ratusan ribu orang meninggal dunia.. Hampir 2 tahun sejak pandemi Covid-19 menyebar di seluruh dunia, namun proses pengembangan vaksin Covid-19 dikembangkan dengan cepat. Dengan adanya kebijakan wajib vaksin di semua negara, masyarakat dunia telah dihadapkan dengan berbagai dilema dalam menerima kebijakan ini dan menimbulkan seruan dalam menolak vaksin Covid 19. Hal ini menimbulkan keraguan di tengah populasi untuk menerima vaksin Covid 19. Timbulnya keraguan pastinya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor yang berbeda di setiap negaranya. Hal ini membuat penulis ingin mengetahui bagaimana tingkat penerimaan vaksinasi Covid 19 di beberapa negara dunia. Determinan apa saja yang membuat penduduk beberapa negara di dunia menunjukan sikap penolakan terhadap vaksinasi Covid 19. Oleh karena itu, pencarian studi dilakukan pada database online Pubmed, ScienceDirect dan Springerlink dengan kata kunci "Vaccine acceptance" OR ("vaccine hesitancy") AND ("COVID 19" OR "coronavirus disease" OR "SARS-CoV-2"). Dari pencarian tersebut, 24 studi terinklusi dalam penelitian. Determinan yang mempengaruhi penerimaan vaksin Covid-19 di beberapa negara terdiri dari keamanan dan efektivitas vaksin, pendidikan, rekomendasi tenaga kesehatan, pendapatan, penyakit kronis, usia, info vaksin, harga vaksin, riwayat Covid-19, agama, dan pekerjaan. Adanya vaksinasi Covid 19 menjadi harapan untuk memulai kehidupan normal, dengan diketahuinya determinan yang mempengaruhi penerimaan masyarakat dalam menerima vaksin Covid-19, diharapkan dapat dijadikan pertimbangan untuk menjalankan program vaksinasi Covid-19 di masa yang akan datang. ......WHO has designated Covid-19 as a pandemic with millions of people being infected and hundreds of thousands of people dying.. It has been almost 2 years since the Covid-19 pandemic spread across the world, but the process of developing a Covid-19 vaccine is progressing rapidly. With the mandatory vaccine policy in all countries, the world community has been faced with various dilemmas in accepting this policy and has raised calls to reject the Covid 19 vaccine. This raises doubts among the population to receive the Covid 19 vaccine. The emergence of doubts is certainly influenced by several factors that different in each country. This makes the author want to know how the level of acceptance of the Covid 19 vaccination is in several countries in the world. What are the determinants that make the population of several countries in the world show an attitude of rejection towards Covid 19 vaccination. Therefore, a study search was conducted on the online databases of Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Springer Link with the keywords "Vaccine acceptance" OR ("vaccine hesitancy") AND ( "COVID 19" OR "coronavirus disease" OR "SARS-CoV-2"). From these searches, 24 studies were included in the study. The determinants that affect the acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccine in several countries consist of vaccine safety and effectiveness, education, recommendations for health workers, income, chronic diseases, age, vaccine information, vaccine prices, Covid-19 history, religion, and occupation. The existence of the Covid 19 vaccination is a hope to start a normal life, with knowing the determinants that affect public acceptance of receiving the Covid-19 vaccine, it is hoped that this can be taken into consideration for carrying out the Covid-19 vaccination program in the future.

Abstrak :
Cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19 lansia di Kelurahan Batu Ampar sebesar 61%. Cakupan tersebut menjadikan Kelurahan Batu Ampar termasuk wilayah terendah kedua dalam cakupan vaksinasi di Kecamatan Kramat Jati, Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku vaksinasi COVID-19 pada lansia dan determinannya di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kelurahan Batu Ampar Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Teknik pengolahan sampel menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda. Pengumpulan data melalui pengisian kuesioner yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya pada 121 lansia yang berdomisili di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kelurahan Batu Ampar Jakarta Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 82,6% lansia telah menerima vaksinasi COVID-19 dengan status dosis pertama sebanyak 5,8%, dosis kedua sebanyak 37% dan booster pertama sebanyak 46,3%. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan pengetahuan (p=0,011) dan aksesibilitas jarak (p=0,001) sangat berhubungan dengan perilaku vaksinasi COVID-19 pada lansia. Aksesibilitas jarak merupakan faktor yang dominan berhubungan dengan perilaku vaksinasi COVID-19 pada lansia. ......The coverage of the elderly COVID-19 vaccination in Batu Ampar Village is 61%. This coverage makes Batu Ampar Village the second lowest area in vaccination coverage in Kramat Jati District, East Jakarta. This study aims to determine the behavior of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly and its determinants in the work area of the Batu Ampar Village Health Center, East Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross sectional design. The sample processing technique used univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression. Collecting data through filling out questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability on 121 elderly who live in the working area of the Puskesmas Batu Ampar, East Jakarta. The results showed that 82.6% of the elderly had received COVID-19 vaccination with 5.8% first dose status, 37% second dose and 46.3% first booster. The results also showed that knowledge (p=0.011) and distance accessibility (p=0.001) were strongly related to the behavior of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly. Distance accessibility is the dominant factor related to COVID-19 vaccination behavior in the elderly

Abstrak :
Vaksinasi COVID-19 merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mencegah penyebaran COVID-19. Provinsi Gorontalo merupakan wilayah dengan cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19 yang rendah pada remaja, sehingga perlu dikaji tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan keinginan remaja untuk membantu memaksimalkan program vaksinasi COVID-19 di kalangan remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap dengan keinginan remaja terhadap vaksinasi COVID-19 di Provinsi Gorontalo. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dan metode convenience sampling digunakan dengan melibatkan 444 remaja di Provinsi Gorontalo. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia, masalah keuangan, status kesehatan, status COVID-19, status penyakit kronis, riwayat anggota keluarga atau teman yang pernah terinfeksi COVID-19, didiagnosis penyakit kongenital, status pekerjaan orangtua, sumber informasi tentang vaksin COVID-19, tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap dengan keinginan remaja terhadap vaksinasi COVID-19. Analisis regresi logistik menunjukkan variabel dominan yaitu sikap positif terhadap keinginan remaja untuk vaksin COVID-19, yaitu dengan nilai p = < 0,001 dan aOR = 9,643 (95% CI = 4,850 – 19,171). Secara keseluruhan terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap dengan keinginan remaja terhadap vaksinasi COVID-19 di Provinsi Gorontalo. Pemerintah perlu membuat kebijakan khusus mengenai vaksin COVID-19 terhadap remaja, guna meningkatkan cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19. ......Vaccination against COVID-19 is an alternative to prevent the spread of COVID- 19. Gorontalo Province is an area with low COVID-19 vaccination coverage for adolescents, so it is necessary to study the level of knowledge, attitudes, and willingness of adolescents to help maximize the COVID-19 vaccination program among adolescents. This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes with adolescents' willingenss for COVID-19 vaccination in Gorontalo Province. This study used a cross-sectional design and the convenience sampling method involved 444 adolescents in Gorontalo Province. The results of the chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between age, financial problems, health status, COVID-19 status, chronic disease status, history of family members or friends who had been infected with COVID- 19, diagnosed with congenital diseases, parents' employment status, sources of information. about the COVID-19 vaccine, the level of knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards the COVID-19 vaccination. Logistic regression analysis showed that the dominant variable was a positive attitude towards adolescents' willingness for the COVID-19 vaccine, with p value = < 0.001 and aOR = = 9,643 (95% CI = 4,850 – 19,171). Overall, there is a relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes with the willingness of adolescents towards COVID-19 vaccination in Gorontatol Province. The government needs to make a special policy regarding the COVID-19 vaccine for adolescents, in order to increase the coverage of the COVID-19 vaccination.

Abstrak :
Vaksin Covid-19 diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi untuk kembali hidup normal. Namun, kebutuhan vaksin yang bersifat global menimbulkan beberapa pertanyaan di masyarakat, khususnya terkait eksistensi perlindungan paten. Untuk itu, penulisan ini akan menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut dengan membahas patentabilitas vaksin Covid-19 serta bagaimana cara pelaksanaan perlindungan paten di tengah pandemi dan kekhawatiran masyarakat akan keterbatasan akses terhadap vaksin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif di mana data-data berasal dari studi pustaka dan wawancara. Berdasarkan penelitian Penulis, Penulis sampai pada simpulan bahwa vaksin Covid-19 dapat memperoleh perlindungan paten selama permohonan akan paten telah diajukan kepada kantor paten di mana vaksin telah memenuhi seluruh persyaratan patentabilitas. Dikarenakan tidak adanya mekanisme perlindungan paten secara internasional, permohonan paten harus diajukan di banyak negara untuk memaksimalkan cakupan wilayah perlindungan paten. Untuk itu, pemohon dapat mengajukan permohonan dengan sistem Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) di negara-negara anggota PCT dan dengan sistem country-by-country basis di negaranegara non anggota PCT. Adapun adanya perlindungan paten tidak akan menghalangi akses masyarakat terhadap vaksin Covid-19. Hal ini dapat diwujudkan melalui mekanisme non-voluntary license berbentuk compulsory license atau government use. Sementara untuk voluntary license, pelaksanaannya dapat melalui Medicine Patent Pool. ...... The Covid-19 vaccine is expected to be a solution to return to normal life. However, the need for vaccines that are global in nature raises several questions in the community, especially regarding the existence of patent protection. For this reason, this paper will answer these questions by discussing the patentability of the Covid-19 vaccine as well as how to implement patent protection in the midst of a pandemic and public concerns about limited access to vaccines. The research method used in the writing of this thesis is normative juridical with a qualitative approach where the data comes from literature studies and interviews. Based on the author's research, the author came to the conclusion that the Covid-19 vaccine can obtain patent protection as long as a patent application has been submitted to the patent office in which the vaccine meets all the patentability requirements. Due to the absence of an international patent protection mechanism, patent applications must be filed in many countries to maximize the scope of patent protection areas. For this reason, applicants can apply using the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system in PCT member countries and using the country-by-country basis system in non- PCT member countries. The existence of patent protection will not prevent public access to the Covid-19 vaccine. This can be realized through a non-voluntary license mechanism in the form of a compulsory license or government use. Meanwhile, for voluntary licenses, the implementation can be done through the Medicine Patent Pool.

Abstrak :
Vaksinasi COVID-19 pada anak di Indonesia tidak terlepas dari orang tua yang menyetujui dan tidak menyetujui vaksinasi COVID-19 pada anak. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesediaan orang tua menyetujui vaksinasi COVID-19 pada anak di Indonesia. Responden merupakan orang tua yang memiliki anak berusia 6-18 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif, korelasi dan cross-sectional dengan sampel 428 responden. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner karakteristik orang tua dan anak, serta kuesioner pengetahuan terkait vaksin COVID-19. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesediaan orang tua menyetujui vaksin COVID-19 pada anak meliputi keterkaitan dengan anak (p = 0.003, α = 0.05), riwayat pengobatan anak (p = 0.008, α = 0.05), status vaksin influenza, dan status vaksinasi COVID-19 anak, khawatir keparahan COVID-19, penjelasan ilmiah, akses ke pelayanan kesehatan, dan pengetahuan orang tua/wali (p=0.000, α = 0.05). Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan untuk meneliti faktor lain yang berkaitan dengan kesediaan orang tua menyetujui vaksin COVID-19 pada anak. ......Vaccination against COVID-19 in children in Indonesia is inseparable from parents agreeing and not agreeing to vaccination of COVID-19 in children. The study aims to determine the factors associated with the willingness of parents to agree to vaccination against COVID-19 in children in Indonesia. Respondents are parents who have children aged 6-18 years. This study used a descriptive, correlation and cross-sectional research design with a sample of 428 respondents. The research instrument used a questionnaire on the characteristics of parents and children, as well as a knowledge questionnaire related to the COVID-19 vaccine. This study showed that there were factors associated with the willingness of parents to agree to the COVID-19 vaccine in children including association with the child (p = 0.003, α = 0.05), history of child medication (p = 0.008, α = 0.05), influenza vaccine status, and children's COVID-19 vaccination status, concern about the severity of COVID-19, scientific explanation, access to health services, and knowledge of parents/guardians (p=0.000, α = 0.05). Future research is expected to examine other factors related to the willingness of parents to approve the COVID-19 vaccine for children.

Abstrak :
Propaganda politik dapat berupa hoaks. Manipulasi dalam hoaks dapat menimbulkan kepanikan, ketakutan, dan perilaku di luar nalar. Manipulasi pada hoaks vaksin COVID-19 tidak hanya terkait urusan kesehatan namun juga berunsur politik. Penelitian yang dilakukan mengidentifikasi hoaks vaksin pada periode 01 Januari 2021 sampai dengan 31 Agustus 2021 yang ada pada situs covid19.go.id. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan teknik analisis Framing menurut Entman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jika hoaks vaksin COVID-19 merupakan propaganda politik hasil framing di media sosial dengan tujuan memegaruhi pembacanya untuk menolak vaksin yang dapat menurunkan kepercayaan dan mendiskreditkan pemerintah. ......Political propaganda could be a hoax. Manipulation in hoaxes can lead to panic, fear, and behavior beyond reason. Manipulation of the COVID-19 vaccine hoax is not only related to health matters but also has political elements. The research carried out identified vaccine hoaxes for the period January 1, 2021 to August 31, 2021 on the covid19.go.id website. The methodology used is qualitative with Framing analysis technique according to Entman. The results show that the COVID-19 vaccine hoax is political propaganda resulting from framing on social media with the aim of influencing readers to reject vaccines that can reduce trust and discredit the government.

Abstrak :
Praktik keinsinyuran dapat digunakan oleh perekayasa untuk membantu pemerintah dalam menghadapi penyebaran virus COVID-19, yaitu dengan mengkaji risiko kegagalan dalam distribusi vaksin. Dalam hal ini, penulis telah menyelesaikan aktivitas tersebut di Puslitbang Transportasi Laut, Sungai, Danau dan Penyeberangan, Kemenhub RI pada Oktober 2020 hingga Desember 2020. Dalam pelaksanaannya, penulis berkoordinasi dengan pihak internal Kemenhub RI untuk memastikan tercapainya tugas pokok dan fungsi tim. Selain itu, penulis bertugas menjadi koordinator dari empat orang tenaga ahli UI, dan melibatkan 7 orang mahasiswa aktif UI sebagai tim pelaksana survei lapangan dan analis data. Hasil temuan studi dan survei lapangan telah dipresentasikan dengan baik di hadapan pemangku kepentingan dalam dua buah focus group discussion. Penulis telah berupaya menjunjung tinggi profesionalisme, kode etik insinyur, dan pedoman dan aturan K3LL dalam pengerjaan Praktik Keinsinyuran ini. ......Engineering practices can be utilized by engineers to assist governments in dealing with the spread of the COVID-19 virus, i.e. by assessing the risk of failure in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. In this case, the author has completed the activities in the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia from October 2020 to December 2020. In the implementation, the author coordinated with the internal parties of the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia to ensure the achievement of the main tasks and functions of the team. In addition, the author is in charge of coordinating four UI experts and involving seven active UI students as field surveyors and data analysts. The findings of the study and field survey have been well presented to the stakeholders in two focus group discussions. The author has sought to uphold the professionalism, the engineer's code of ethics, and the K3LL guidelines and rules in working on this Engineering Practice.

Abstrak :
COVID-19 telah menginfeksi ratusan juta orang dan menyebabkan kematian jutaan orang di seluruh dunia. Vaksinasi diharapkan dapat mengurangi insiden penyakit, tingkat mortalitas, maupun keparahan penyakit. Sehingga peneliti ingin mengetahui seberapa besar efek vaksinasi dalam melindungi pasien COVID-19 terhadap penyakit COVID-19 yang berat dan kematian COVID-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort retrospektif yang menggunakan data dari database NAR COVID-19 dan Dashboard KPCPEN Dinkes Kota Depok mulai tanggal 8 Mei 2020 hingga 20 Februari 2023 yang dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik. Peneliti menemukan bahwa kelompok usia terbesar adalah usia 31-45 tahun (26,54%) dan terkecil adalah usia ≥ 60 tahun (10,97%). Populasi perempuan lebih besar dibandingkan laki-laki (53,36% vs 46,64%). Kemudian hanya 6.41% orang bekerja sebagai petugas kesehatan. Jumlah orang yang tidak divaksin lebih banyak dibandingkan orang yang divaksin (52,58% vs. 47,42%). Dibandingkan dengan pasien COVID-19 yang tidak divaksinasi, pasien yang divaksin mengalami penurunan risiko dirawat sebesar 45% (periode 1), 43,3% (periode 2), dan 24% (periode 3). Kemudian pasien COVID-19 yang divaksinasi mengalami penurunan risiko mortalitas sebesar 35% (periode 1), 90% (periode 2), dan 33% (periode 3). Sehingga peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa vaksinasi COVID-19 menurunkan risiko dirawat di RS dan mortalitas pasien COVID-19 pada ketiga periode sakit. ......COVID-19 has infected and caused the deaths of millions of people in the world. And vaccination is expected to reduce the incidence, mortality, and severity of the disease. The objective of this research is to discover the effects of COVID-19 vaccination against severe disease and death of COVID-19. This was a retrospective cohort research that utilized data from the COVID-19 NAR database and the Depok City Health Department KPCPEN Dashboard from Mei 8, 2020 to February 20, 2023, and was analysed using logistic regression. We discovered that the largest age group were patients between ages 31-45 years (26.54%) and the smallest was ≥ 60 years (10.97%). There were more female patients than men (53.36% vs. 46.64%). Only 6.41% of patients were healthcare workers, and more patients were unvaccinated than vaccinated (52.58% vs. 47.42%). Compared to the unvaccinated patients, the vaccinated patients experienced a risk reduction of 45% in period 1, 43.3% in period 2, and 24% in period 3. Vaccinated patients also experienced a risk reduction for mortality of 35% in period 1, 90% in period 2, and 33% in period 3. Therefore, we conclude that COVID-19 vaccination reduces the hospitalization and mortality risks for COVID-19 patients in all 3 periods.