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Abstrak :
Arthropod vectors of human infections, such as malaria, filariasis, West Nile virus, Lyme disease and typhus, are a continuing threat to human health. Medical Entomology for Students provides basic information on the recognition, biology, ecology, and medical importance of the arthropods that affect human health. The fourth edition of this popular textbook is completely updated, and now incorporates the latest strategies for controlling insects, ticks and mites. Extensive illustrations, with new colour photographs of some of the most important vectors and pests, will assist readers in recognizing arthropods such as mosquitoes, flies, and myiasis causing larvae. With a clear presentation and concise style, this text is specifically aimed at students of medical entomology, tropical medicine, parasitology, and pest control. It will also be essential reading for physicians, nurses, health officials, and community health workers

Abstrak :
Epidemiologi malaria di desa Salubarana dan Kadaila, Kabupaten Mamuju, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia telah diteliti selama bulan Juli sampai December 2002 untuk mendapatkan data dasar yang berkaitan dengan faktor parasit, vektor, inang, dan lingkungan. Survei malariometrik bulanan selama kurun waktu 6 bulan menemukan suatu prevalensi malaria yang relatif tinggi di Kadaila dibandingkan dengan Salubarana. Kadaila terutama dihuni oleh transmigran dari Jawa, Bali, Lombok dan dari kabupaten lain di Sulawesi Selatan, sedangkan Salubarana dihuni oleh penduduk asli suku Mandar. Pada analisis 1.113 apusan darah yang diperoleh dari individu-individu yang dilibatkan secara acak pada survei ini ditemukan 59 positif malaria, terdiri dari Plasmodium falciparum dan P. vivax. Kedua spesies tersebut mendominasi apusan darah yang diperiksa dan kadang-kadang ditemukan sebagai infeksi campuran. Anopheles barbirostris dikonfirmasi sebagai vektor malaria pada kedua desa, sedangkan 7 spesies lainnya An. barbumbrosus, An. parangensis, An. vagus, An. crawfordi, An. pseudobarbirostris, An. tessellatus dan An. subpictus harus pula dipertimbangkan sebagai vektor. Di kedua desa, An. barbirostris mendominasi dan pada umumnya vektor ini menggunakan genangan air di sungai dan tanah sebagai tempat perindukan serta memiliki kebiasaan istirahat di dalam dan di luar rumah. Temuan-temuan ini dapat digunakan untuk penyusunan suatu program penanggulangan malaria yang berbasis bukti di daerah tersebut. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 252-8)

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Malaria epidemiology in Salubarana and Kadaila villages, Mamuju District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia was studied from July-December 2002 to obtain baseline data related to the parasite, mosquito vector, human host, and environmental factors. Monthly malariometric surveys conducted during the six- month period revealed a relatively high prevalence of malaria in Kadaila in comparison to Salubarana. Kadaila was mainly inhabited by migrants from Java, Bali, Lombok, and from other districts of South Sulawesi. Salubarana, on the other hand, was inhabited mainly by indigenous Mandarese. Analysis of 1,113 blood smears taken from individuals randomly involved in the survey revealed 59 positive samples, consisting of Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax. These two species predominated the samples examined and were occasionally found as mixed infection. Anopheles barbirostris was confirmed as a vector for malaria in this area whereas 7 other species An. barbumbrosus, An. parangensis, An. vagus, An. crawfordi, An. pseudobarbirostris, An. Tessellatus, and An. subpictus should be considered as potential vectors. The first mentioned species predominated, using mainly riverbeds and ground pools as breeding places with a habit of indoor or outdoor resting. These findings could be useful for establishing evidence-based malaria control program in the area. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 252-8)

Abstrak :
Dalam lima tahun terakhir, Pekanbaru merupakan kota endemis demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dengan kejadian kasus setiap bulan dengan angka insiders yang melebihi angka nasional (20 per 100.000 penduduk). Keberadaan tempat perindukan nyamuk Aedes aegypti sebagai vektor demam berdarah diduga dipengaruhi oleh keadaan seperti curah hujan, hari hujan, indeks hujan, kelembaban dan suhu. Dalam studi ini diteliti hubungan iklim sebagai faktor risiko dengan angka bebas jentik (ABJ) dan dengan angka insiden demam berdarah dengue. Untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor risiko iklim terhadap ABS dan angka insiden demam berdarah dilakukan studi ekologi di Kota Pekanbaru Propinsi Riau. Data lklim (curah hujan, hari hujan, indeks hujan, suhu dan kelembaban) selama 7 tahun terakhir (1995-2001) dikumpulkan dari Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika Balai Wilayah I Stasiun Meteorologi Pekanbaru, sedangkan ABJ insiden DBD diperoleh dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Pekanbaru dan Dinar Kesehatan Propinsi Riau. Hubungan iklim dengan angka bebas jentik, angka bebas jentik dan angka insiden dan iklim dengan angka insiden DBD dengue dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi, regresi linier sederhana dan regresi linier ganda dengan metoda backward untuk mendapatkan prediksi model hubungan. Karena data ABJ tersedia dalam triwulan maka data iklim yang semula tersusun sebagai data bulanan diubah menjadi data triwulan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ABJ mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan suhu (p = 0,044) yang berpola positif dengan keeratan sedang (r = 0,383) dan kelembaban (p = 0,017) yang berpola negatif dengan keeratan sedang (r = -0,446). Selanjutnya regresi liner menunjukkan bahwa model hubungan suhu dengan ABJ adalah ABJ = 73,6 + 0,76 x suhu, sedangkan model hubungan kelembaban dengan ABJ adalah ABJ = 124,3 -- 0,36 x kelembaban. Namun, ABJ dengan angka insiden DBD dan iklim dengan angka insiden DBD tidak mempunyai hubungan bermakna. Disimpulkan bahwa sebagian variabel iklim merupakan faktor risiko ABJ tetapi tidak terbukti bahwa ABJ merupakan faktor risiko DBD. Daftar bacaan : 40 (1986-2002)

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The Relationship Between Climate Factors, Free Vectors Number, and Number of Dengue Incidences in Pekanbaru City Since 1995 Until 2001In the last five years Pekanbaru has been an endemic city of dengue hemorigic fever (DHF) where cases are found monthly with the incidence exceeded the national rate ( 20 per 100.000 population). The existence of breeding places of Aedes aegypti, a DHF vector, are believed to be associated with climate such as rainfall, rainy day, temperature and humidity. This study is aimed to explore association between climatic variables as environmental risk factor with Container Index (Cl, as free-larvae percentage) and with DHF incidence. To analyze this association, an ecological study has been carried out in Kota Pekanbaru, the Province of Riau. Climate data (rainfall, rainy day, rain index, relative humidity, and temperature) during the last seven years (1995-2001) were collected from the Regional Division I of Meteorology and Geophysics Station, Pekanbaru, whereas CI and DHF incidence were obtained from Health District and Health Province Office, Pekanbaru. The association of climatic variables with CI, Cl with DHF incidence, and climate with DHF incidence were analyzed using correlation, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression with backward method to generate prediction models. As the CI data were available in trimontly, the climate data were converted accordingly. Statistical analyses show that CI has significantly associated with temperature (p = 0,044) positively and moderately ( r = 0,383) and with relative humidity (p = 0,017) negatively and moderately ( r = -0,446). Further, linear regression indicates that the association model of temperature with Cl is CI = 73,6 + 0,76 x temperature, while the association model of relative humidity with CI is CI = 124,3 - 0,36 x RR However, CI with DHF incidence and climate with DHF incidence are not significantly associated. It is concluded that particular climatic variables are risk factors of CI but it cannot be proved that CI is a risk factor for DHF incidence. References: 40 (1986-2002)

Abstrak :
Arthropods are well known vectors for the spread of diseases. Thus their invasion from foreign countries and their spreading close to human dwellings must be blocked everywhere (in donor and receptor countries) using safe and effective measures. This book presents reviews on examples of such arthropod-borne emerging diseases that lurk on the fringes of our crowded megacities. The following topics show that there is an ongoing invasion of potential vectors and that control measures must be used now in order to avoid disastrous outbreaks of mass diseases.