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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Status kebersihan rongga mulut yang buruk ditandai dengan biofilm dalam jumlah banyak. Biofilm terbentuk dari perlekatan bakteri ke permukaan padat dan dengan bakteri lain. Bakteri later colonizers patogen periodontitis di biofilm seperti Treponema denticola bergantung pada early colonizers seperti Veillonella parvula. Protein VtaA dan Msp berperan dalam fungsi perlekatan Veillonella parvula dan Treponema denticola. Akumulasi biofilm dapat menyebabkan periodontitis. Akan tetapi periodontitis tidak umum dibahas pada anak. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan jumlah Veillonella parvula dan Treponema denticola, serta ekspresi gen VtaA dan Msp spesifik tiap bakteri dari saliva anak terhadap status rongga mulut. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 40 sampel saliva anak yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori OHI-S. Ekstraksi RNA untuk analisis ekspresi gen dan DNA untuk jumlah bakteri target dari sampel menggunakan GeneZol Kit. Konversi RNA menjadi cDNA menggunakan SensiFast cDNA Kit. Ekstrak DNA dan cDNA diuji dengan Real-time PCR. Analisis jumlah bakteri menggunakan kuantifikasi absolut dan tingkat ekspresi gen menggunakan kuantifikasi relatif. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah kedua bakteri maupun tingkat kedua ekspresi gen di antara kategori OHI-S. Jumlah Veillonella parvula cenderung menurun dan Treponema denticola cenderung meningkat seiring memburuknya skor OHI-S. Kesimpulan: Deteksi peningkatan jumlah Veillonella parvula tidak dapat menjadi bioindikator inisiasi penyakit periodontal. Ekspresi gen VtaA dan Msp tidak dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator pembentukan biofilm dalam jumlah tinggi. ......Backgrounds: Poor oral hygiene status is marked by large amount of biofilms. Biofilms are made from bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces and to other bacteria. Later colonizers periodontitis pathogenic bacteria in biofilms like Treponema denticola, depend on early colonizers such as Veillonella parvula. VtaA and Msp are proteins that function in adhesion of Veillonella parvula and Treponema denticola. Biofilms accumulation can cause periodontitis. However, periodontitis is not a common discussion on children. Objectives: This research aims to analyze the correlation between the quantity of Veillonella parvula and Treponema denticola, also VtaA and Msp gene expression with oral status from children’s saliva. Methods: This study uses 40 samples of children’s saliva which has been grouped according to OHI-S category. RNA extraction to analyze gene expression and DNA extraction to quantify target bacteria from samples using GeneZol Kit. RNA conversion to cDNA uses SensiFast cDNA Kit. DNA extract and cDNA are tested using Real-time PCR Analysis of bacteria quantity with absolute quantification dan gene expression levels with relative quantification. Results: There is no significant difference between target bacteria quantity also gene expression levels between the OHI-S categories. Veillonella parvula’s quantity tends to decrease and Treponema denticola tends to increase as OHI-S scores worsens. Conclusions: Detection of increasing quantity of Veillonella parvula cannot be used as a bioindicator of periodontal disease initiation. VtaA and Msp gene expression cannot be used as a bioindicator of high rates of biofilm’s formation.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Permasalahan gigi dan mulut pada anak di usia mixed dentition di Indonesia masih tinggi, salah satunya di daerah Jawa Barat. Permasalahan gigi dan mulut dapat disebabkan oleh status kesehatan oral yang buruk. Status kesehatan oral dapat dinilai dari nilai OHI-S. Status kesehatan mulut buruk ditandai dengan penumpukan plak (salah satunya plak supragingiva) dapat menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah bakteri, salah satunya bakteri Veillonella parvula. Bakteri Veillonella parvula berperan dalam proses adhesi dan metabolisme bakteri late colonizer seperti Treponema denticola yang berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit periodontal. Bakteri Veillonella parvula dan Treponema denticola memiliki protein berupa VtaA dan Msp yang berperan dalam proses adhesi ke biofilm. Sampai saat ini, belum ada penelitian yang meneliti hubungan kedua protein tersebut dengan status kebersihan rongga mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui apakah ada hubungan dan korelasi antara ekspresi gen Msp dan VtaA dengan status kebersihan rongga mulut. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan 40 sampel plak supragingiva yang diambil dari anak berusia 9-12 tahun di SD Sukaluyu dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori skor OHI-S. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi RNA dan DNA, lalu dianalisis menggunakan Real Time PCR. Hasil kuantifikasi DNA dianalisis menggunakan absolute quantification untuk mengidentifikasi jumlah bakteri, sedangkan hasil kuantifikasi RNA dianalisis menggunakan relative quantification untuk membandingkan ekspresi gen. Hasil: Terdapat korelasi positif bermakna (p=0.008) antara jumlah bakteri Treponema denticoladengan memburuknya nilai OHI-S. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah bakteri Treponema denticola pada OHI-S sedang dan buruk (p=0.016). Korelasi positif tidak signifikan ada pada jumlah bakteri Veillonella parvula dan ekspresi gen Msp, sedangkan korelasi negatif tidak signifikan ditemukan pada VtaA. Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara menambahnya jumlah bakteri Treponema denticola seiring dengan memburuknya status kesehatan oral. Tidak ditemukan korelasi dan perbedaan antara jumlah bakteri Veillonella parvula, ekspresi gen Msp dan VtaA jika dibandingkan dengan kategori OHI-S. ......Latar Belakang: Dental and oral problems in children with mixed dentition in Indonesia are still highly prevalent, especially in West Java. These problems are caused by poor oral health status, which can be assessed by OHI-S score. Poor oral health status, which is characterized by plaque accumulation, can cause the quantity of bacteria in mouth to increase. One of those bacterias is Veillonella parvula, a bacteria which plays a role in the adhesion process and metabolism of late colonizer bacteria. Treponema denticola is a late colonizer bacteria which contributes to the progression of periodontal diseases. In order to adhere to a biofilm, Treponema denticola produces protein called Msp, while Veillonella parvula produces VtaA. However, the relationship between these proteins to oral health status has not been well studied. Objective : The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship and correlation between Msp and VtaA gene expression and oral health status. Methods: 40 samples are collected from supragingival plaque of children between the ages of 9-12 years old in SD Sukaluyu and grouped into 3 categories (poor, moderate, good) based on each samples’s OHI-S score. Samples are then extracted and analized by real-time PCR. DNA quantification results are analyzed using absolute quantification to identify the amount of bacteria present. RNA quantification results are analyzed using relative quantification to identify each gene expression relative to calibrator samples. Results: There is a significant positive correlation (p=0.008) found between the quantity of Treponema denticola and OHI-S score. A significant difference (p=0.016) is found between the amount of Treponema denticola in moderate OHI-S and poor OHI-S category. There is a non-significant positive correlation between the amount of Veillonella parvula and Msp gene expression and OHI-S score. VtaA gene expression showed a non-significant negative correlation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated there is a relationship between the increasing quantity of Treponema denticola and the worsening state of oral health status. There is no relationship between Msp and VtaA gene expression and the quantity of Veillonella parvula and oral health status.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang :Pesantren merupakan institusi pendidikan di Indonesia yang menjalankan sistem tempat tinggal asrama. Kondisi status kesehatan gigi mulut di beberapa pesantren masih menunjukkan hasil sedang hingga rendah, padahal terdapat lebih dari empat juta remaja yang menempuh pendidikan di pesantren. Upaya meningkatkan kesehatan gigi mulut adalah melaksanakan program promosi kesehatan mulut berbasis sekolah, dan program ini dapat disusun dengan sebelumnya melakukan identifikasi perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut.Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan antara perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut dengan indeks plak, laju alir saliva, dan kuantifikasi bakteri Veillonella Parvula dalam saliva di komunitas pesantren populasi anak usia 12 – 14 tahun. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 101 siswa Ibnu Hajar Boarding School. Pengisian kuesioner indeks OHB untuk menilai perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut. Pengambilan sampel saliva tanpa stimulasi dan diukur lajur alir, dilanjutkan pemeriksaan indeks plak. Sampel saliva dibawa ke laboratorium untuk mengetahui kuantifikasi bakteri Veillonella parvula melalui metode RT-PCR. Hasil: Koefisien korelasi antara OHB dengan Indeks plak adalah r = 0.127 p-value = 0.204. Koefisien korelasi antara OHB dengan laju alir saliva adalah r = -0.211, p-value = 0.034. Koefisien korelasi antara OHB dengan Ct Veillonella parvula adalah r = -0.156 , p-value = 0.119. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan berbanding terbalik dan bermakna antara perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut dengan laju alir saliva, dan hubungan tidak bermakna antara perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut dengan indeks plak dan kuantifikasi bakteri Veillonella parvula. ......Background: Boarding schools in Indonesia operate as residential educational institutions. The oral health status in some boarding schools still indicates moderate to low results, despite more than four million adolescents pursuing education in these institutions. Efforts to improve oral health include implementing a school-based oral health promotion program, which can be designed after identifying oral hygiene behaviors. To date, there has been no study examining the relationship between oral hygiene behaviors and plaque index, saliva flow rate, and quantification of Veillonella Parvula. Objective: To analyze the relationship between oral hygiene behaviors and plaque index, saliva flow rate, and quantification of Veillonella Parvula in a population of 12- to 14-year-old students in a boarding school. Method: The OHB index questionnaire was used to assess oral hygiene behaviors. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and saliva flow rate measured, followed by plaque index examination. Saliva samples were taken to the laboratory to determine the quantification of Veillonella Parvula bacteria using RT-PCR. Results: The correlation coefficient between OHB and the plaque index was r = 0.127, p-value = 0.204. The correlation coefficient between OHB and saliva flow rate was r = -0.211, p-value = 0.034. The correlation coefficient between OHB and Ct Veillonella Parvula was r = -0.156, p-value = 0.119. Conclusion: There was an inverse and significant relationship between oral hygiene behavior and salivary rate, and a non-significant relationship between oral hygiene behavior and plaque index and quantification of Veillonella parvula bacteria.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Remaja adalah salah satu kelompok populasi yang paling terpengaruh dalam tiga beban malnutrisi di Indonesia. Berbagai penelitian telah membuktikan hubungan antara status nutrisi dengan kesehatan gigi mulut. Penelitian dalam kariologi belakangan ini banyak mengeksplorasi bakteri Veillonella terkait interaksinya dengan Streptococcus dalam pembentukan biofilm. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan status kesehatan gigi mulut, laju alir saliva dan kuantifikasi relatif bakteri Veillonella parvula dalam saliva. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang analitik, dengan subyek 49 anak laki-laki dan 52 perempuan direkrut dari sebuah Pesantren SMP di Depok, Jawa Barat untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan gigi mulut, status antropometri berat badan, tinggi badan dan IMT serta pengambilan saliva tanpa stimulasi untuk perhitungan laju alir saliva. Kuantifikasi bakteri relatif dilakukan dengan metode RT-PCR untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri V parvula. Hasil: Terdapat korelasi positif lemah antara IMT dan kuantifikasi relatif bakteri V parvula (r= 0.2, p=0.04), namun tidak ditemukan korelasi bermakna antara IMT dan indeks plak serta IMT dan laju alir saliva tanpa stimulasi. Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi lemah bermakna antara IMT dan kuantifikasi relatif V parvula, sementara itu terdapat korelasi lemah dan tidak bermakna antara IMT dan indeks plak maupun IMT dan laju alir saliva. Penelitian berikutnya perlu mengeksplorasi hubungan IMT dengan berbagai parameter status kesehatan gigi mulut dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor risiko perancu dan mengidentifikasi spesies-spesies Veillonella lainnya. ......Background: Until recently, the triple burden of malnutrition remains a major health issue in Indonesia and adolescents are one of the most affected population. Oral cavity is the main gate of the digestive system and studies have shown the association between nutritional status and oral health. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between body mass index and oral health status, unstimulated salivary flow rate and relative quantification of Veillonella parvula in saliva. Method: In a cross-sectional study design, 49 male and 52 female students aged 12-14 year-old were recruited from an Islamic Boarding School in Depok, West Java and clinically examined for the Greene and Vermillion’s debris index. The unstimulated salivary flow rate was determined (ml/min). Anthropometric examinations were carried out for body weight, body height and body mass index per age according to the standards from Ministry of Health Regulations. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the presence of Veillonella parvula. Results: There is a significant correlation between BMI and relative expression of salivary Veillonella parvula (r= 0.2, p=0.04), however no correlations were found between BMI and OH status, and BMI and unstimulated salivary flow rate. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is no linear relationship between BMI and salivary flow rate and/or OH status, however a weak but significant correlation was found between BMI and salivary V parvula. Further studies are needed to investigate relationships between BMI and other nutrition parameters with oral health indicators in the adolescent populations, while considering other Veillonella species.