Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Inhibitor dipeptidil peptidase-4 (DPP-4) merupakan salah satu golongan obat yang digunakan untuk terapi diabetes mellitus tipe 2 (T2DM) yang bekerja dengan menghambat degradasi hormon GLP-1 dan GIP oleh DPP-4. Vildagliptin merupakan inhibitor DPP-4 berbasis 2-sianopirolidin yang poten, akan tetapi vildagliptin memiliki beberapa efek samping, seperti penyakit jantung koroner dan gagal ginjal. Vildagliptin juga memiliki selektivitas yang kurang baik terhadap keluarga DPP yang lain. Turunan kuinazolinon adalah salah satu jenis inhibitor DPP-4, inhibitor jenis ini adalah inhibitor yang poten dan selektif. Oleh karena itu, dirancang senyawa inhibitor DPP-4 yang baru, yaitu senyawa 1-(2-{[4-(4-klorofenil)-2-okso-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-oktahidrokuinazolin-5- il]amino}asetil)pirolidin-2-karbonitril untuk meningkatkan selektivitas terhadap DPP-4 menggunakan turunan quinazolinon agar dapat berinteraksi dengan situs S2 ekstensif. Senyawa tersebut akan disintesis menggunakan prinsip hibridisasi antara turunan kuinazolinon dengan gugus farmakoforik dari vildagliptin melalui 6 tahap sintesis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan sintesis dan karakterisasi senyawa tahap 1 ((2E)-2-[(4-klorofenil)metiliden]sikloheksan-1-on) dan senyawa tahap 2 (4-(4- klorofenil)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-oktahidrokuinazolin-2-on). Senyawa tahap 1 disintesis dengan mereaksikan 4-klorobenzaldehid dengan sikloheksanon menggunakan pelarut etanol dan katalis NaOH. Senyawa tahap 2 disintesis dengan mereaksikan senyawa tahap 1 dengan urea menggunakan pelarut etanol dan katalis KOH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sintesis senyawa tahap 1 dan tahap 2 diperoleh yield berturut-turut adalah 75,94% dan 17,22%. Karakterisasi senyawa tahap 1 dan tahap 2 menggunakan FT-IR menunjukkan bahwa terdapat gugus fungsi dan ikatan kimia yang menyusun struktur senyawa tersebut, sedangkan karakterisasi senyawa tahap 2 dengan 1H-NMR menunjukkan adanya proton- proton yang sesuai dan tidak sesuai dengan senyawa 4-(4-klorofenil)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- oktahidrokuinazolin-2-on yang menunjukkan bahwa senyawa tersebut belum murni.......DPP-4 inhibitors are a class of drugs used for type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy that inhibit the degradation of GLP-1 and GIP by DPP-4. Vildagliptin is a potent 2-cyanopyrrolidin- based DPP-4 inhibitor, but it has some adverse effects, such as coronary heart disease and kidney failure. Vildagliptin also has poor selectivity to other DPP families. The quinazolinone-derived is a type of DPP-4 inhibitors that is potent and selective. Therefore, a new DPP-4 inhibitor is designed, namely 1-(2-[(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroquinazoline-5-yl)amino]acetyl)pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile to increase the selectivity over DPP-4 using quinazolinone derivative to interact with the S2 extensive subsite of DPP-4. The compound will be synthesized using hybridization principle between quinazolinone derivate and the pharmacophoric group of vildagliptin that requires 6 steps of synthesis. This research aims to synthesize and characterize the step 1 compound ((2E)‐2‐[(4‐chlorophenyl)methylidene]cyclohexan‐1‐one) and step 2 compound (4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazolin‐2‐one). The step 1 compound was synthesized by reacting 4-chlorobenzaldehyde with cyclohexanone using ethanol as a solvent and NaOH as a catalyst. The step 2 compound was synthesized by reacting step 1 compound with urea using ethanol as a solvent and KOH catalyst. The results showed that the synthesis of step 1 and step 2 compounds obtained yields are 75.94% and 17.22%, respectively. The characterization using FT-IR showed that there were functional groups and chemical bonds that compose the structure of these compounds. While the characterization of step 2 compound using 1H-NMR showed that there were protons correspond and not correspond to the compound 4-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroquinazoline-2-one, which indicates that the compound is not pure."

"Inhibitor Dipeptidil Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) merupakan terapi oral baru untuk pasien diabetes tipe 2 (T2DM). Inhibitor DPP-4 sebagai terapi pilihan karena dapat menurunkan kadar HbA1c secara signifikan, meregenerasi dan diferensiasi sel-β pankreas, serta menurunkan risiko hipoglikemia. Vildagliptin merupakan inhibitor DPP-4 peptidomimetik dengan gugus farmakoforik, 2-sianopirolidin, yang berikatan kovalen dengan residu Ser630 pada situs S1 DPP-4. Namun vildagliptin tidak selektif, karena dapat menginhibisi DPP-8 dan DPP-9 yang dapat menimbulkan efek toksik. Senyawa dengan struktur inti kuinazolinon telah terbukti berpotensi sangat baik terhadap DPP-4 (IC50=7 nM) dan selektif (DPP-8, IC50>10 μM; DPP-9, IC50>10 μM). Sintesis hibrid antara derivat kuinazolinon dengan fragmen farmakoforik inhibitor DPP-4 vildagliptin diharapkan dapat menghasilkan inhibitor DPP-4 yang poten dan selektif. Berdasarkan pemaparan tersebut, dilakukan sintesis senyawa baru “4-(3-nitrofenil)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-oktahidrokuinazolin-2-on” sebagai derivat kuinazolinon. Sintesis senyawa tersebut memerlukan dua tahapan. Tahap 1 melalui reaksi kondensasi aldol silang antara 3-nitrobenzaldehida dengan sikloheksanon. Tahap 2 melalui reaksi adisi Michael antara produk tahap 1 dengan urea, dilanjutkan siklokondensasi, dan eliminasi. Kedua senyawa hasil sintesis diuji kemurniannya menggunakan KLT dan penetapan jarak lebur. Nilai rendemen senyawa hasil sintesis tahap 1 dan tahap 2 secara berturut-turut adalah 77,78% dan 51,63%. FTIR produk tahap 1 memperlihatkan adanya ikatan =CH alkena ulur dan tekuk luar bidang, =CH alkana ulur, CH2 tekuk, C=O keton, dan C=C alkena yang menunjukkan produk tahap 1 telah terbentuk. FTIR produk tahap 2 memperlihatkan adanya ikatan C=O amida serta N-H ulur dan tekuk. Namun pada 1H-NMR selain memperlihatkan proton-proton yang sesuai dengan senyawa target sintesis masih teramati adanya proton-proton dari pengotor, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa senyawa 4-(3-nitrofenil)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-oktahidrokuinazolin-2-on telah terbentuk, namun belum murni.......Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is a new oral therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). DPP-4 inhibitors are the best treatment because as it can significantly reduce HbA1c level, regenerated and differentiated cell-β pancreas, and reduced the risk of hypoglycemia. Vildagliptin is a peptidomimetic DPP-4 inhibitor with a pharmacophoric group, 2-cyanopyrolidine, which binds covalently to Ser630 residue at the S1 site of DPP-4. However, vildagliptin is not selective because it can also inhibit DPP-8 and DPP-9, causing toxic effect. Hybrid synthesis between quinazolinone derivatives and the pharmacophoric fragment of DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin is expected to produce a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor. Compound with a quinazolinone core structure have been shown to be highly potent against DPP-4 (IC50=7nM) and selective (DPP-8, IC50>10 μM; DPP-9, IC50>10 μM). Based on this explanation, a new compound was synthesized “4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroquininazoline-2-one” as quinazolinone derivative. There are two steps required for synthesis of this compound. The first step is a crossed aldol condensation reaction between 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone. The second step is Michael addition reaction between product of step 1 with urea, followed by cyclocondensation, and elimination. The two synthesized compounds were tested for purity using TLC and melting point determination. The yield of compound synthesized in step 1 and 2 were 77,78% and 51,63%, respectively. FTIR of synthesized product of step 1 showed the presence of =CH stretching and out-of-plane bending alkenes, =CH stretching alkanes, CH2 bending, C=O ketones, and C=C alkenes bonds which indicate the product of step 1 has been formed. FTIR of synthesized product of step 2 showed the presence of C=O amides, N-H stretching and bending bonds. However, 1H-NMR spectrum, besides from showing protons appropriate to the target compound, protons from impurities were still observed, so it was concluded that 4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7 ,8-octahydroquinazoline-2-one has been formed, but not pure."

"Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan penyakit kronis serius yang terjadi karena adanya gangguan sekresi dan resistensi insulin. Inhibitor dipeptidil peptidase-4 (DPP-4) merupakan salah satu golongan senyawa antidiabetes yang minim efek samping dibandingkan golongan obat diabetes lainnya. Mekanisme kerja inhibitor DPP-4 adalah memperpanjang dan meningkatkan aktivitas Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). Namun, beberapa inhibitor DPP-4 memiliki efek samping yang tidak diinginkan seperti nyeri sendi dan radang pankreas. Efek samping tersebut diindikasikan berkaitan dengan penghambatan terhadap dipeptidil peptidase-8 (DPP-8) dan dipeptidil peptidase-9 (DPP-9). Kurkumin merupakan senyawa bioaktif yang memiliki berbagai aktivitas seperti antidiabetes, antikanker, dan antihipertensi. Namun, efikasi klinik kurkumin sangat terbatas karena bioavailabilitasnya yang rendah. Pendekatan hibridisasi kurkumin dengan fragmen farmakofor vildagliptin diharapkan dapat memperbaiki keterbatasan kurkumin. Pada penelitian tahap awal ini, dilakukan pengujian in silico yaitu penambatan molekuler senyawa hibrida dari vildagliptin dan analog kurkumin terhadap DPP-4, DPP-8, dan DPP-9 menggunakan program AutoDock dan AutoDock Vina yang divalidasi menggunakan nilai Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) Redocking. Hasil penambatan molekuler senyawa hibrida dari vildagliptin dan analog kurkumin terhadap DPP-4, DPP-8, dan DPP-9 menggunakan 10 senyawa didapatkan tiga senyawa yang lebih selektif terhadap DPP-4 yaitu senyawa dengan substituen hidroksil dan metoksi, substituen metil, dan substituen trifluorometil masing-masing memiliki nilai selektivitas sebesar 0,254, 0,8, 0,214 . Nilai energi ikatan bebas ketiga senyawa tersebut masing-masing sebesar -9,42 kkal/mol, -8,95 kkal/mol, dan -8,41 kkal/mol. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa hibrida dari vildagliptin dan analog kurkumin memiliki potensi sebagai penghambat DPP-4, tetapi hanya terdapat tiga senyawa yang lebih selektif terhadap DPP-4.

---

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs due to impaired secretion and insulin resistance. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are one class of antidiabetic compounds having minimal side effects compared to other classes of antidiabetic drugs. The mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors is to extend and increase the activity of Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, some of the DPP-4 inhibitors have side effects such as joint pain and pancreatitis. These side effects are thought to have an association with inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-8 (DPP-8) and dipeptidyl peptidase-9 (DPP-9). Curcumin is a bioactive compound that has various activities such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and antihypertensive. However, the clinical efficacy of curcumin is very limited due to its poor bioavailability. Curcumin hybridization approach with vildagliptin pharmacophore fragments is expected to improve the limitations of curcumin. In this preliminary study, in silico testing was carried out by molecular docking of the hybrid compound of vildagliptin and curcumin analogue against DPP-4, DPP-8, and DPP-9 using the AutoDock and AutoDock Vina programs which were validated using the Redocking Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values. The results of molecular docking of the 10 hybrid compounds of vildagliptin and curcumin analogue to DPP-4, DPP-8, and DPP-9 show that three compounds are more selective towards DPP-4. These namely compounds with hydroxyl and methoxy, methyl, and trifluoromethyl substituents, which have selectivity value of 0.254, 0.8, 0.214, respectively. The free binding energy of the three compounds is -9.42 kcal/mol, -8.95 kcal/mol, and -8.41 kcal/mol. It can be concluded that the hybrid compound of vildagliptin and curcumin analogue has the potential to inhibit DPP-4, but there are only three compounds that are more selective towards DPP-4."