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Abstrak :
Anoa merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang terancam punah karena perburuan liar dan kehilangan habitat. Informasi terkait manajemen reproduksi anoa masih terbatas, sehingga upaya konservasi menjadi terhambat. Penelitian terkait manajemen reproduksi perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pengembangbiakan anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung keberhasilan kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui kawin alami serta mendeteksi kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui perubahan perilaku dan morfologi, pengukuran profil biokimia urine, dan gambaran ultrasonografi transabdominal. Penelitian dilakukan di Anoa Breeding Centre Manado (ABC), Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan pada Juli–Oktober 2017 untuk mengetahui siklus estrus, waktu optimal kawin, dan perilaku kawin anoa, pada Maret–Mei 2019 untuk melakukan verifikasi keberhasilan perkawinan alami anoa selama periode April 2016– Mei 2019, dan Januari–Mei 2019 untuk pengukuran profil biokimia urine. Penelitian menggunakan 2 ekor anoa jantan dan 4 ekor anoa. Faktor pendukung kebuntingan dianalisis menggunakan analisis jalur dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SmartPLS dan analisis diskriminan. Data perubahan perilaku dan morfologi dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data profil biokimia urine dianalisis menggunakan uji T. Data USG transabdominal dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi panjang dan lama estrus di antara individu anoa. Panjang siklus estrus anoa berkisar antara 14–24 hari dengan lama estrus 2–4 hari. Berdasarkan hasil SmartPLS diketahui bahwa faktor eksternal (manajemen dan iklim) dan faktor internal (individu jantan dan individu betina) tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata terhadap kebuntingan. Berdasarkan analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) diketahui bahwa karakteristik utama perubahan perilaku dan morfologi yang menjadi penanda kebuntingan yaitu puting membengkak, ambing susu membengkak, rambut mengilap, bentuk abdomen membesar dan turun, dan frekuensi makan yang meningkat. Peningkatan nilai kadar glukosa dan total protein di dalam urine anoa yang sedang bunting terjadi secara nyata yang nyata USG transabdominal tidak mampu menunjukkan kenampakan vesikel embrionik sebagai tanda awal kebuntingan. USG transabdominal menunjukkan dengan jelas gambaran organ tubuh janin yaitu tulang dada, tulang belakang, kepala, jantung, dan paru-paru pada usia kebuntingan bulan ke-6 atau hari ke-191. ......Anoa is Sulawesi's endemic animal that is endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Information regarding the management of anoa reproduction is still limited, so conservation efforts are hampered. Research related to reproductive management needs to be done to optimize the breeding of anoa. This study aims to determine the factors supporting the success of anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through natural mating and detecting anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through behavioral and morphological changes, measurement of urine biochemical profile, and transabdominal ultrasonography. The study was conducted at Anoa Breeding Center in Manado (ABC), North Sulawesi. The research data was collected in July- October 2017 to find out the estrous cycle, optimal mating time, and mating behavior, in March-May 2019 to verify the success of anoa natural mating during the April 2016-May 2019 period, and January -May 2019 for urine biochemical profile measurement. The study used 2 male Anoa and 4 Anoa. Pregnancy supporting factors were analyzed using path analysis with the help of SmartPLS software and discriminant analysis. Behavior and morphological change data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The urine biochemical profile data were analyzed using the T-test. Transabdominal ultrasound data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were variations in the length and duration of estrus among individual anoa. The length of estrous anoa cycles ranges from 14-24 days with estrous length of 2-4 days. Based on the results of SmartPLS, it is known that external factors (management and climate) and internal factors (male and female individuals) do not show any real influence on pregnancy. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis, it is known that the main characteristics of behavioral and morphological changes are that pregnancy becomes swollen nipples, swollen udders, shiny hair, enlarged and lowered abdominal shape, and increased frequency of eating. An increase in the value of glucose levels and total protein in the urine of a pregnant anoa occurs significantly that transabdominal ultrasound is not able to show the appearance of embryonic vesicles as an early sign of pregnancy. Transabdominal ultrasound clearly shows a picture of fetal organs, namely the breastbone, spine, head, heart, and lungs at the age of pregnancy in the 6th month or 191st day.

Abstrak :
Anoa merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang terancam punah karena perburuan liar dan kehilangan habitat. Informasi terkait manajemen reproduksi anoa masih terbatas, sehingga upaya konservasi menjadi terhambat. Penelitian terkait manajemen reproduksi perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pengembangbiakan anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung keberhasilan kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui kawin alami serta mendeteksi kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui perubahan perilaku dan morfologi, pengukuran profil biokimia urine, dan gambaran ultrasonografi transabdominal. Penelitian dilakukan di Anoa Breeding Centre Manado (ABC), Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan pada Juli–Oktober 2017 untuk mengetahui siklus estrus, waktu optimal kawin, dan perilaku kawin anoa, pada Maret–Mei 2019 untuk melakukan verifikasi keberhasilan perkawinan alami anoa selama periode April 2016–Mei 2019, dan Januari–Mei 2019 untuk pengukuran profil biokimia urine. Penelitian menggunakan 2 ekor anoa jantan dan 4 ekor anoa. Faktor pendukung kebuntingan dianalisis menggunakan analisis jalur dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SmartPLS dan analisis diskriminan. Data perubahan perilaku dan morfologi dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data profil biokimia urine dianalisis menggunakan uji T. Data USG transabdominal dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi panjang dan lama estrus di antara individu anoa. Panjang siklus estrus anoa berkisar antara 14–24 hari dengan lama estrus 2–4 hari. Berdasarkan hasil SmartPLS diketahui bahwa faktor eksternal (manajemen dan iklim) dan faktor internal (individu jantan dan individu betina) tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata terhadap kebuntingan. Berdasarkan analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) diketahui bahwa karakteristik utama perubahan perilaku dan morfologi yang menjadi penanda kebuntingan yaitu puting membengkak, ambing susu membengkak, rambut mengilap, bentuk abdomen membesar dan turun, dan frekuensi makan yang meningkat. Peningkatan nilai kadar glukosa dan total protein di dalam urine anoa yang sedang bunting terjadi secara nyata yang nyata USG transabdominal tidak mampu menunjukkan kenampakan vesikel embrionik sebagai tanda awal kebuntingan. USG transabdominal menunjukkan dengan jelas gambaran organ tubuh janin yaitu tulang dada, tulang belakang, kepala, jantung, dan paru-paru pada usia kebuntingan bulan ke-6 atau hari ke-191. ......Anoa is Sulawesi's endemic animal that is endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Information regarding the management of anoa reproduction is still limited, so conservation efforts are hampered. Research related to reproductive management needs to be done to optimize the breeding of anoa. This study aims to determine the factors supporting the success of anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through natural mating and detecting anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through behavioral and morphological changes, measurement of urine biochemical profile, and transabdominal ultrasonography. The study was conducted at Anoa Breeding Center in Manado (ABC), North Sulawesi. The research data was collected in July-October 2017 to find out the estrous cycle, optimal mating time, and mating behavior, in March-May 2019 to verify the success of anoa natural mating during the April 2016-May 2019 period, and January -May 2019 for urine biochemical profile measurement. The study used 2 male Anoa and 4 Anoa. Pregnancy supporting factors were analyzed using path analysis with the help of SmartPLS software and discriminant analysis. Behavior and morphological change data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The urine biochemical profile data were analyzed using the T-test. Transabdominal ultrasound data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were variations in the length and duration of estrus among individual anoa. The length of estrous anoa cycles ranges from 14-24 days with estrous length of 2-4 days. Based on the results of SmartPLS, it is known that external factors (management and climate) and internal factors (male and female individuals) do not show any real influence on pregnancy. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis, it is known that the main characteristics of behavioral and morphological changes are that pregnancy becomes swollen nipples, swollen udders, shiny hair, enlarged and lowered abdominal shape, and increased frequency of eating. An increase in the value of glucose levels and total protein in the urine of a pregnant anoa occurs significantly that transabdominal ultrasound is not able to show the appearance of embryonic vesicles as an early sign of pregnancy. Transabdominal ultrasound clearly shows a picture of fetal organs, namely the breastbone, spine, head, heart, and lungs at the age of pregnancy in the 6th month or 191st day.

Abstrak :

ABSTRACT
his study explores prehistoric human subsistence adaptations within the context of changing marine and terrestrial environments on the tiny Island of Kisar, beginning during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition around 15,000 years ago (ka). We use zooarchaeological data on faunal remains (vertebrates and invertebrates) recovered from Here Sorot Entapa rockshelter (HSE) in temporal relationship to climate data from Flores to document prehistoric human responses to regional sea-level, temperature, and associated habitat changes that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Human settlement intensity peaked during the colder drier conditions of the Bolling-Allerod period at 14.4-13 ka, and the site was abandoned during a period of unstable sea levels and coastal habitats between 9.4-5 ka. Holocene climate change coincides with increased reefal subsistence, and an increase in crab exploitation over sea urchin use. Rodent abundance increases in the early Holocene, possibly in response to expanding forests during warmer wetter conditions, with a significant increase in the late Holocene as a result of the human introduction of exotic species to the island.