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"ABSTRAKPeningkatan jumlah penduduk membuat permasalahan baru dalam pengelolaan lumpur tinja. Sehingga penggunaan teknologi seperti Anaerobic Digestion (AD) sangat berguna dalam menangani permasalahan limbah organik serta keterbatasan energi karena dapat menghasilkan energi dalam bentuk biogas dari limbah. Namun dengan keterbatasan penggunaan teknologi AD seringkali produksi biogas masih cenderung kecil. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian thermal pretreatment terhadap pembentukan biogas pada lumpur tinja. Pemberian thermal pretreatment dilakukan dengan cara pemanasan pada suhu 40-45oC hingga lumpur tinja mencapai kadar air 30% dan 70%. Parameter seperti Total Solid (TS), Volatile Solid (VS) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) juga diuji untuk mengetahui karakteristik limbah dan pengujian Bio Methane Potential (BMP) dilakukan selama 35 hari pada suhu 35oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sampel dengan kadar air 30% menghasilkan biogas yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan sampel tanpa pretreatment yaitu sebesar 5,56 ml metana dengan penurunan nilai VS mencapai 49,97% diikuti dengan sampel dengan kadar air 70 % dengan produksi biogas sebesar 1,45 ml metana dengan penurunan nilai VS sebesar 41,73% sedangkan untuk sampel tanpa perlakukan pretreatment menghasilkan volume gas metana 0,37 ml dan penurunan nilai VS 40,69%. Hasil ini dikarenakan pemberian thermal pretreatment dapat memecah dinding sel sehingga materi organik yang dapat diuraikan menjadi lebih banyak.

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ABSTRACTThe increasing number of human population causes new issue on the treatment of fecal sludge. Due to this problem, the use of technology such as Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is very advantageous in terms of solving the issue of organic waste and energy scarcity because it can produce energy in a form of biogas from waste. However, due to the limits on the use of AD technology, the production of biogas is somewhat low. This study is aimed to observe the effect of thermal pretreatment on the formation of biogas on fecal sludge. The thermal pretreatment is conducted through heating on temperature of 40-45oC, so that the fecal sludge reaches water content of 30% and 70%. Parameters such as Total Solid (TS), Volatile Solid (VS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were also tested to recognize the characteristics of waste and Bio-Methane Potential (BMP) test is conducted for 35 days on the temperature of 35oC. The results of this study shows that sample with water content of 30% produced more biogas compared to the sample without pretreatment which is 5,56 mL methane with the VS decrease of 49,97%, followed with the sample of 70% water content with biogas production of 1,45 mL methane with the VS decrease of 41,73%, meanwhile the sample without pretreatment produce methane gas with volume of 0,37 mL and VS decrease of 40,69%. This particular result is caused by the Thermal pretreatment which can break the walls of the cells, hence there are more organic materials which can be decomposed. ;"

"Uji stabilitas dilakukan untuk mendapatkan jaminan stabilitas suatu produk. Pengujian tablet vitamin C yang dilakukan merupakan tindak lanjut dari keluhan konsumen, yaitu terjadi perubahan warna pada tablet vitamin C, sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui penyebab perubahan warna pada tablet vitamin C tersebut. Salah satu faktor yang dicurigai menyebabkan perubahan warna tersebut adalah degradasi tablet vitamin C. Pada produksi tablet vitamin C yang akan digunakan dalam pengujian, ditambahkan proses purging nitrogen, yaitu proses mengalirkan nitrogen (gas inert) untuk menghilangkan oksigen dan kelembapan, untuk dapat mengatasi perubahan warna pada tablet vitamin C. Kelembapan tablet vitamin C dapat diketahui dengan melakukan pengujian water activity dan water content. Data diperoleh dari spesifikasi produk, hasil pemeriksaan tampilan, serta pengujian water activity dan water content dari 2 batch tablet vitamin C yang baru diproduksi untuk pengujian, yaitu tablet kontrol A dan B (tablet tanpa proses purging nitrogen) dan tablet uji A dan B (tablet dengan proses purging nitrogen). Hasil dari pengujian water activity dan water content menunjukkan bahwa nilai water activity dan water content dari tablet vitamin C memenuhi persyaratan spesifikasi yang ditentukan, sehingga dapat disimpulkan kandungan air bukanlah faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan tampilan pada tablet vitamin C.

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Stability testing is carried out to guarantee the stability of a product. The vitamin C tablet testing carried out was a follow-up to consumer complaints where there was a color change in the vitamin C tablet, so it was necessary to carry out an analysis to determine the cause of the color change in the vitamin C tablet. One of the factors suspected of causing this color change is the degradation of vitamin C tablets. In the production of vitamin C tablets that will be used in testing, a nitrogen purging process is added, which is a process of flowing nitrogen (an inert gas) to remove oxygen and moisture, to be able to overcome color changes. on vitamin C tablets. The moisture of vitamin C tablets can be determined by testing water activity and water content. Data obtained from product specifications, appearance inspection results, as well as water activity and water content testing from 2 batches of vitamin C tablets newly produced for testing, control tablets A and B (tablets without nitrogen purging process) and test tablets A and B (tablets with nitrogen purging process). The results of the water activity and water content tests show that the water activity and water content values ​​of the vitamin C tablets meet the specified specification requirements, so it can be concluded that the water content is not a factor that causes changes in the appearance of the vitamin C tablets."

"The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of water deficit on the growth and yield of corn . The variety of corn used in this research was new and doesnt have market label. This research in conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung University from August to October 2007..."

"ABSTRAKPraktik Kerja Profesi PKP di PT Abbott Indonesia dilakukan selama dua bulan dari Maret-April bertempat di Jalan Raya Bogor KM 37 Cimanggis, Jawa Barat. PKP ini bertujuan agar calon apoteker mengetahui tugas dan tanggung jawab apoteker di industri farmasi dan memahami penerapan Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik CPOB di Industi Farmasi. Selain itu calon apoteker juga dapat memiliki gambaran nyata tentang permasalahan pekerjaan kefarmasian di industri farmasi, memiliki wawasan, pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan pengalaman praktis untuk melakukan pekerjaan kefarmasian di industri farmasi. Tugas khusus yang diberikan yaitu berjudul ldquo;Analisis Kadar Air Pada Granul Produk Solid Dengan Menggunakan Electronic Moisture Analyzer Dan Halogen Moisture Analyzer rdquo;. Tujuan dari tugas khusus ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis terhadap hasil pengujian kadar air dengan menggunakan Electronic Moisture Analyzer dan Halogen Moisture Analyzer dengan parameter suhu dan waktu yang sama. Secara umum, PT. Abbott Indonesia telah menerapkan 12 aspek CPOB dengan baik dan benar, penulis juga telah mendapatkan kemampuan untuk memahami peran, tugas, wawasan dan tanggung jawab apoteker dan melakukan gap analysis antara prosedur dan aktual dari proses produksi di PT. Abbott Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTInternship at PT Abbott Indonesia was conducted for two months from March to April located at Jalan Raya Bogor KM 37 Cimanggis, West Java. This internship can be for the prospective pharmacist. The duties and responsibilities of pharmacists in the pharmaceutical industry and the understanding of the application of good manufacturing practice GMP in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the pharmacist candidate can also have the insight, knowledge, skills and practical experience to undertake pharmaceutical work in the pharmaceutical industry. The special assignment given is Water Content Analysis of Granul Solid Products Using Electronic Moisture Analyzer And Halogen Moisture Analyzer . The purpose of this special assignment is to conduct analysis of water content test result by using Electronic Moisture Analyzer and Halogen Moisture Analyzer with same temperature and time parameter. In general, PT. Abbott Indonesia has applied 12 aspects of GMP well and correctly, the authors also have the ability to understand the roles, duties, insights and responsibilities of pharmacists and do a gap analysis between the procedure and the actual production process in PT. Abbott Indonesia."

"For this paper, we consider the resulting 3-D inversion using inversion modeling, which is motivated by developing theory and the recent application of the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) technique in detecting and mapping of subsurface groundwater. MRS is a non-invasive method which directly detects the groundwater’s existence from surface measurements. A pulse current, at a proper frequency, is transmitted into a loop. After hydrogen atoms of water molecules in the subsurface are energized by pulses of alternative currents, the magnetic resonance field is produced by the H protons is measured within the same loop. Generally, MRS has two observable factors: initial amplitude and decay time. The aim of three-dimensional inversion is to extract the information, i.e., the value and distribution of two physical parameters of the subsurface conditions: water content and subsurface properties (pore and grain size). Additionally, we present a general formulation for inverting the initial amplitude and decay time of the MRS data to recover a 3-D distribution of groundwater. The forward problem was solved using an integral equation method in the spatial domain. An improved Levenberg-Marquardt strategy was employed to solve the inverse problem. Two synthetic examples are illustrated to determine the basic functionality of the inversion algorithm. The real data results show applicability and relevance in larger-scale field examples."

"Mudflow is a type of mass movement with high velocity. It is comprised mainly of silt and clay-sized particles. Mudflow movement behavior involves undrained shear strength and viscosity as part of a resistance force that withstands shear stress as a driving force. Many methods have been developed to determine the value of viscosity. This study used Vallejo and Scovazzo’s modification method to determine the viscosity value, and assumed that mudflow material behaves as a Bingham plastic material. A flume channel was used in this study to measure the displacement and time required for mud to flow in order to obtain the mudflow transportation velocity. The measurement was conducted for four different slope angles and water contents. To compare the samples, Kaolin soil was used for the pilot project and Parakan Muncang soil was used as the natural landslide material in order to obtain the viscosity value throughout this study. This study aims to evaluate the capability of Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method to determine the viscosity value. We found that Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method cannot be used in a single slope angle. This approach requires that the sliding plane angle be adjusted for varying shear stress magnitudes, and that, consequently, different strain rates for each shear stress are obtained. The correlation curve between the shear stress and the strain rate, which corresponds to the Bingham plastic material curve, needs to be governed. The viscosity value was obtained by calculating the gradient of the linear tangent line. Furthermore, Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method is recommended only for tests at a low strain rate level, as a high strain level would cause difficulties in recording string displacement and mud transportation time. However, testing mud at a low strain rate level will obtain a higher value of mud viscosity that is not representative of mudflow viscosity."

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi global berdampak pada meningkatnya permintaan bahan bakar. Indonesia menggunakan biodiesel sebagai alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dengan penggunaan yang diatur secara bertahap. Namun, masalah penyumbatan filter pada mesin biodiesel menjadi tantangan. Penggunaan ceramic membrane filter telah ditemukan sebagai metode untuk mengurangi masalah ini, tetapi diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menguji pengaruhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan mengkaji sifat fisika kimia serta kontaminan yang terbentuk dari campuran bahan bakar biodiesel (B30) pada tangki penyimpanan kapal laut sebelum dan setelah menggunakan ceramic membrane filter. Pengujian yang dilaksanakan meliputi nilai densitas, viskositas kinematik, water content, cleanliness, FBT, total gliserin, dan bacterial growth. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa perbedaan pada setiap variabel yang diuji. Nilai densitas dan viskositas kinematik cenderung tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan sebelum dan setelah menggunakan ceramic membrane filter. Sementara itu, hasil pengujian karakteristik menunjukkan menurunnya nilai karakteristik kontaminan yang terbentuk dari penggunaan ceramic membrane filter dengan variasi ukuran pori 0.05 µm, 0.1 µm, 0.2 µm, dan 1.2 µm. Water Content menurun dari yang sebelumnya bernilai 305 ppm menjadi 290 ppm, 158 ppm, 289 ppm, 201 ppm, dan 206 ppm pada masing-masing sampel ukuran ukuran pori. Nilai cleanliness menggunakan ISO Code 4406 sebelum menggunakan ceramic membrane filter adalah 21/19/15. Setelah menggunakan ceramic membrane filter terdapat penurunan dengan sampel yang paling baik mengurangi jumlah kontaminan adalah sampel 0.1 µm dengan nilai 15/14/13. Nilai FBT turun yang sebelumnya bernilai 7.57 menjadi 1-1.05. Bacterial Growth juga menurun yang sebelumnya bernilai 80 menjadi 8-43 RLU. Sementara itu, nilai total gliserin cenderung tidak memiliki perubahan yang signifikan dengan rentang hasil uji antara 0.04 %-massa sampai 0.05 %-massa pada setiap sampel yang diuji.

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Global economic growth has led to an increasing demand for fuel, which is still predominantly dominated by fossil energy sources. Indonesia has been using biodiesel as an environmentally friendly alternative, with its usage regulated gradually. However, filter clogging issues in biodiesel engines remain a challenge. The use of ceramic membrane filters has been discovered as a method to reduce these problems, but further research is needed to examine their effect. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the physicochemical properties and contaminants formed from the biodiesel fuel mixture (B30) in marine vessel storage tanks before and after using ceramic membrane filters. Testing includes density, kinematic viscosity, water content, cleanliness, FBT, total glycerin, and bacterial growth. The research results indicate several differences in each tested variable. Density and kinematic viscosity values tend to show no significant differences before and after using a ceramic membrane filter. However, the testing results of characteristic parameters show a decrease in the values of contaminant characteristics formed from the use of ceramic membrane filters with pore size variations of 0.05 µm, 0.1 µm, 0.2 µm, and 1.2 µm. Water content decreased from its initial value of 305 ppm to 290 ppm, 158 ppm, 289 ppm, 201 ppm, and 206 ppm for each pore size sample. The cleanliness value using ISO Code 4406 before using the ceramic membrane filter was 21/19/15. After using the ceramic membrane filter, there was a decrease, with the best sample reducing the number of contaminants to a value of 15/14/13 for the 0.1 µm sample. The FBT (Filter Blocking Tendency) value decreased from its initial value of 7.57 to 1-1.05. Bacterial growth also decreased from 80 to 8-43 RLU (Relative Light Units). Meanwhile, the total glycerin value tends to show no significant change, with test results ranging from 0.04% to 0.05% by mass for each tested sample."

"Manusia memerlukan antioksidan untuk mencegah terjadinya stres oksidatif yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan fungsi kulit yaitu hiperpigmentasi kulit. Peristiwa tersebut berhubungan dengan aktivitas enzim tirosinase yang berkontribusi dalam pembentukan pigmen melanin kulit sehingga diperlukan penghambatan enzim tirosinase untuk menjaga kulit tetap cerah. Tanaman belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) yang berasal dari famili Oxalidaceae, merupakan salah satu tanaman yang digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Daun belimbing wuluh terbukti sebagai sumber antioksidan dan anti-tirosinase alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fragmen pengenal dan jaringan khas dari simplisia, persentase rendemen, persentase kadar air, aktivitas antioksidan, dan aktivitas anti-tirosinase. Pengujian mikroskopik dilakukan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Daun belimbing wuluh diekstraksi secara maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan metode ABTS dengan standar asam askorbat dan penghambatan enzim tirosinase yang berasal dari jamur spesies Agaricus bisporus dengan standar asam kojat dan substrat L-DOPA yang dianalisa menggunakan microplate reader. Hasil pengamatan mikroskopik diperoleh rambut penutup, epidermis atas dengan dinding yang sedikit berkelok, epidermis bawah dengan dinding yang berkelok disertai stomata dan rambut penutup, stomata tipe parasitik, urat daun, dan pembuluh kayu dengan penebalan tangga. Rendemen hasil ekstraksi diperoleh dari metode maserasi sebesar 21,353% dengan kadar air 6,978%. Hasil nilai IC50 uji ABTS sebesar 22,052±0,157 μg/mL tergolong antioksidan sangat kuat. Hasil uji anti-tirosinase menunjukkan aktivitas anti-tirosinase kuat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 76,598±0,749¼g/mL. Dapat disimpulkan, ekstrak etanol 70% daun belimbing wuluh memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dan anti-tirosinase yang kuat.

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Humans need antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress which can cause skin function disorders which is hyperpigmentation. This case is related to enzyme tyrosinase activity which contributes in the production of melanin pigment, so tyrosinase enzyme inhibition is needed to maintain skin brightness. Wuluh starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which belongs to the Oxalidaceae family, is one of the plants used as traditional medicine. Wuluh starfruit leaves have been proven to be a source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase. This research aimed to determine the identification of fragments and specific tissues of simplicia, percentage yield, percentage water content, antioxidant activity, and anti-tyrosinase activity. Microscopic was carried out using a light microscope. Wuluh starfruit was extracted by maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity testing using ABTS method with ascorbic acid standard and inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme derived from fungus Agaricus bisporus species with kojic acid standard and L-DOPA substrate, were analyzed using a microplate reader. Microscopic observations showed the presence of cover hair, upper epidermis with slightly curved walls, lower epidermis with curved walls with stomata and cover hair, parasitic type stomata, leaf veins, and ladder-like wood vessels. The yield obtained from the maceration extraction method was 21,353% with a water content 6,978%. The IC50 value of ABTS test was 22,052±0,157 μg/mL, classified as a very strong antioxidant. The anti-tyrosinase test results showed strong anti-tyrosinase activity with an IC50 value of 76,598±0,749¼g/mL. It can be concluded that the 70% ethanol extract of wuluh starfruit leaves has very strong antioxidant and strong anti-tyrosinase."

"Sifat material komposit yang ringan dan kuat menjadikan material ini digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Komposit berpenguat serat alami merupakan salah satu jenis komposit yang memiliki biodegradasi yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa karakteristik kandungan air dan kuat tarik paku terhadap variasi orientasi arah serat kenaf. Sebelum digunakan sebagai penguat, serat kenaf diberi perlakuan alkalisasi. Metode VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion) digunakan untuk fabrikasi komposit epoksi berpenguat serat kenaf (KF/EP). Orientasi arah serat kenaf pada komposit epoksi ini adalah (0°/0°/0°/0°) dan (0°/90°/0°/90°). Komposit KF/EP (0°/0°/0°/0°) dan (0°/90°/0°/90°) dikategorikan sebagai Papan Serat Kerapatan Tinggi (PSKT) menurut SNI 01-4449-2006 dengan nilai densitas masing-masing sebesar (1,146 ± 0,025) g/cm3 dan (1,066 ± 0,009) g/cm3. Nilai kadar air dan pengembangan tebal pada KF/EP (0°/0°/0°/0°) dan (0°/90°/0°/90°) memenuhi SNI 01-4449-2006 dengan masing-masing nilai kadar air (4,34 ± 0,18) %, (4,66 ± 0,38) % dan masing-masing nilai pengembangan tebal (4,07 ± 0,50) %, (6,19 ± 1,63) %. Nilai kuat tarik paku pada KF/EP (0°/0°/0°/0°) dan (0°/90°/0°/90°) dengan nilai masing-masing (2,63 ± 0,71) kgf/mm2 dan (5,11 ± 0,07) kgf/mm2 dan nilai keteguhan tarik paku kedua komposit memenuhi SNI 01-4449-2006.

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The properties of composite that are light and strong made this material used in various applications. Natural fiber reinforced composite is one of type of composite that has a good biodegradability. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the water content and the nail head pulled-through strength concerning variations in the orientation of kenaf fiber. Before being applied as reinforcement, kenaf fiber was treated with alkalization. VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion) method was used for fabrication of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composite (KF/EP). The orientation of the kenaf fiber in this epoxy composite was in the direction of (0°/0°/0°/0°) and (0°/90°/0°/90°). It was found that KF/EP (0°/0°/0°/0°) and (0°/90°/0°/90°) composites were categorized as High Density Fiberboard according to SNI 01-4449-2006 with a density value of (1,146 ± 0,025) g/cm3 and (1,066 ± 0,009) g/cm3 respectively. Water content and the thickness after swelling of KF/EP (0°/0°/0°/0°) and (0°/90°/0°/90°) met the SNI 01-4449-2006 standard with a water content of (4,34 ± 0,18) % and (4,66 ± 0,38) % respectively and thickness swelling value of (4,07 ± 0,50) % and (6,19 ± 1,63) % respectively. Nail head pulled-through strengths of KF/EP (0°/0°/0°/0°) and (0°/90°/0°/90°) were (2,63 ± 0,71) kgf/mm2 dan (5,11 ± 0,07) kgf/mm2 respectively and nail head pulled-through resistances of these composites met the SNI 01-4449-2006 standard."

"Setelah peristiwa longsor di TPA Leuwigajah, TPA Sarimukti dijadikan sebagai TPA sementara untuk menampung sampah di wilayah Bandung. Untuk menghindari peristiwa longsor yang serupa pada TPA tersebut, diperlukan analisis terhadap parameter kuat geser material sampah yang berhubungan terhadap stabilitas timbunan. Untuk itu, dilakukan studi terhadap material sampah perkotaan artifisial berdasarkan komposisi di TPA tersebut. Studi yang dilakukan meliputi pengaruh kadar air pemadatan terhadap nilai sudut geser dan kohesi material. Selain itu studi dilakukan untuk melakukan validasi terhadap metode serta hasil yang diperoleh. Dari hasil pengujian triaxial unconsolidated undrained pada sampel sampah artifisial diperoleh nilai kohesi; c untuk material dengan kadar air pemadatan di bawah optimum sebesar 5,38 kPa; material dengan kadar air pemadatan optimum sebesar 2,38 kPa; dan material dengan kadar air pemadatan di atas optimum sebesar. Adapun nilai sudut geser; φ untuk sampel dengan kadar air di bawah optimum sebesar 8,56o; sampel dengan kadar air pemadatan optimum 7,64o; dan sampel dengan kadar air di atas optimum sebesar 2,78o. Hasil yang diperoleh selanjutnya dimodelkan dalam aplikasi Slope/W untuk melakukan validasi hasil dengan kondisi di lapangan. Dari pemodelan tersebut menunjukkan parameter material artifisial belum dapat merepresentasikan kondisi di lapangan

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After the landslides incident in Leuwigajah Landfill, the Sarimukti Landfill was used as a temporary landfill to accomodate the waste in Bandung. To avoid the similar incident in Sarimukti Landfill, the analysis of shear strength parameters of waste materials related to the stability of the embankment is required. For that reasons, this study was conducted on artificial Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) based on the material composition in Sarimukti Landfill. The study was conducted on the effects of compaction water content on the friction angle and cohesion of the artificial waste material. In addition the study conducted to validate the method and the results obtained.

From the unconsolidated undrained triaxial test obtained the cohesion for material with the less optimum water content is 5,38 kPa; the cohesion for material with optimum water content is 0 kPa; and the cohesion for material with over optimum water content is 2,38 kPa. The value of friction angle; φ for samples with a water content below optimum is 8,56o; samples with optimum water content is 7,64o; and samples with water content above the optimum is 2,78o. The results then modeled using application Slope/W to validate the results with field conditions. The modeling shows that the shear strength parameters of the artificial material can not represent the conditions in the field."