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ABSTRAK
Peningkatan jumlah penduduk membuat permasalahan baru dalam pengelolaan lumpur tinja. Sehingga penggunaan teknologi seperti Anaerobic Digestion (AD) sangat berguna dalam menangani permasalahan limbah organik serta keterbatasan energi karena dapat menghasilkan energi dalam bentuk biogas dari limbah. Namun dengan keterbatasan penggunaan teknologi AD seringkali produksi biogas masih cenderung kecil. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian thermal pretreatment terhadap pembentukan biogas pada lumpur tinja. Pemberian thermal pretreatment dilakukan dengan cara pemanasan pada suhu 40-45oC hingga lumpur tinja mencapai kadar air 30% dan 70%. Parameter seperti Total Solid (TS), Volatile Solid (VS) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) juga diuji untuk mengetahui karakteristik limbah dan pengujian Bio Methane Potential (BMP) dilakukan selama 35 hari pada suhu 35oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sampel dengan kadar air 30% menghasilkan biogas yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan sampel tanpa pretreatment yaitu sebesar 5,56 ml metana dengan penurunan nilai VS mencapai 49,97% diikuti dengan sampel dengan kadar air 70 % dengan produksi biogas sebesar 1,45 ml metana dengan penurunan nilai VS sebesar 41,73% sedangkan untuk sampel tanpa perlakukan pretreatment menghasilkan volume gas metana 0,37 ml dan penurunan nilai VS 40,69%. Hasil ini dikarenakan pemberian thermal pretreatment dapat memecah dinding sel sehingga materi organik yang dapat diuraikan menjadi lebih banyak.

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ABSTRACT
The increasing number of human population causes new issue on the treatment of fecal sludge. Due to this problem, the use of technology such as Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is very advantageous in terms of solving the issue of organic waste and energy scarcity because it can produce energy in a form of biogas from waste. However, due to the limits on the use of AD technology, the production of biogas is somewhat low. This study is aimed to observe the effect of thermal pretreatment on the formation of biogas on fecal sludge. The thermal pretreatment is conducted through heating on temperature of 40-45oC, so that the fecal sludge reaches water content of 30% and 70%. Parameters such as Total Solid (TS), Volatile Solid (VS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were also tested to recognize the characteristics of waste and Bio-Methane Potential (BMP) test is conducted for 35 days on the temperature of 35oC. The results of this study shows that sample with water content of 30% produced more biogas compared to the sample without pretreatment which is 5,56 mL methane with the VS decrease of 49,97%, followed with the sample of 70% water content with biogas production of 1,45 mL methane with the VS decrease of 41,73%, meanwhile the sample without pretreatment produce methane gas with volume of 0,37 mL and VS decrease of 40,69%. This particular result is caused by the Thermal pretreatment which can break the walls of the cells, hence there are more organic materials which can be decomposed. ;

Abstrak :
Uji stabilitas dilakukan untuk mendapatkan jaminan stabilitas suatu produk. Pengujian tablet vitamin C yang dilakukan merupakan tindak lanjut dari keluhan konsumen, yaitu terjadi perubahan warna pada tablet vitamin C, sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui penyebab perubahan warna pada tablet vitamin C tersebut. Salah satu faktor yang dicurigai menyebabkan perubahan warna tersebut adalah degradasi tablet vitamin C. Pada produksi tablet vitamin C yang akan digunakan dalam pengujian, ditambahkan proses purging nitrogen, yaitu proses mengalirkan nitrogen (gas inert) untuk menghilangkan oksigen dan kelembapan, untuk dapat mengatasi perubahan warna pada tablet vitamin C. Kelembapan tablet vitamin C dapat diketahui dengan melakukan pengujian water activity dan water content. Data diperoleh dari spesifikasi produk, hasil pemeriksaan tampilan, serta pengujian water activity dan water content dari 2 batch tablet vitamin C yang baru diproduksi untuk pengujian, yaitu tablet kontrol A dan B (tablet tanpa proses purging nitrogen) dan tablet uji A dan B (tablet dengan proses purging nitrogen). Hasil dari pengujian water activity dan water content menunjukkan bahwa nilai water activity dan water content dari tablet vitamin C memenuhi persyaratan spesifikasi yang ditentukan, sehingga dapat disimpulkan kandungan air bukanlah faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan tampilan pada tablet vitamin C. ...... Stability testing is carried out to guarantee the stability of a product. The vitamin C tablet testing carried out was a follow-up to consumer complaints where there was a color change in the vitamin C tablet, so it was necessary to carry out an analysis to determine the cause of the color change in the vitamin C tablet. One of the factors suspected of causing this color change is the degradation of vitamin C tablets. In the production of vitamin C tablets that will be used in testing, a nitrogen purging process is added, which is a process of flowing nitrogen (an inert gas) to remove oxygen and moisture, to be able to overcome color changes. on vitamin C tablets. The moisture of vitamin C tablets can be determined by testing water activity and water content. Data obtained from product specifications, appearance inspection results, as well as water activity and water content testing from 2 batches of vitamin C tablets newly produced for testing, control tablets A and B (tablets without nitrogen purging process) and test tablets A and B (tablets with nitrogen purging process). The results of the water activity and water content tests show that the water activity and water content values ​​of the vitamin C tablets meet the specified specification requirements, so it can be concluded that the water content is not a factor that causes changes in the appearance of the vitamin C tablets.

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ABSTRAK
Praktik Kerja Profesi PKP di PT Abbott Indonesia dilakukan selama dua bulan dari Maret-April bertempat di Jalan Raya Bogor KM 37 Cimanggis, Jawa Barat. PKP ini bertujuan agar calon apoteker mengetahui tugas dan tanggung jawab apoteker di industri farmasi dan memahami penerapan Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik CPOB di Industi Farmasi. Selain itu calon apoteker juga dapat memiliki gambaran nyata tentang permasalahan pekerjaan kefarmasian di industri farmasi, memiliki wawasan, pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan pengalaman praktis untuk melakukan pekerjaan kefarmasian di industri farmasi. Tugas khusus yang diberikan yaitu berjudul ldquo;Analisis Kadar Air Pada Granul Produk Solid Dengan Menggunakan Electronic Moisture Analyzer Dan Halogen Moisture Analyzer rdquo;. Tujuan dari tugas khusus ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis terhadap hasil pengujian kadar air dengan menggunakan Electronic Moisture Analyzer dan Halogen Moisture Analyzer dengan parameter suhu dan waktu yang sama. Secara umum, PT. Abbott Indonesia telah menerapkan 12 aspek CPOB dengan baik dan benar, penulis juga telah mendapatkan kemampuan untuk memahami peran, tugas, wawasan dan tanggung jawab apoteker dan melakukan gap analysis antara prosedur dan aktual dari proses produksi di PT. Abbott Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT
Internship at PT Abbott Indonesia was conducted for two months from March to April located at Jalan Raya Bogor KM 37 Cimanggis, West Java. This internship can be for the prospective pharmacist. The duties and responsibilities of pharmacists in the pharmaceutical industry and the understanding of the application of good manufacturing practice GMP in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the pharmacist candidate can also have the insight, knowledge, skills and practical experience to undertake pharmaceutical work in the pharmaceutical industry. The special assignment given is Water Content Analysis of Granul Solid Products Using Electronic Moisture Analyzer And Halogen Moisture Analyzer . The purpose of this special assignment is to conduct analysis of water content test result by using Electronic Moisture Analyzer and Halogen Moisture Analyzer with same temperature and time parameter. In general, PT. Abbott Indonesia has applied 12 aspects of GMP well and correctly, the authors also have the ability to understand the roles, duties, insights and responsibilities of pharmacists and do a gap analysis between the procedure and the actual production process in PT. Abbott Indonesia.

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The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of water deficit on the growth and yield of corn . The variety of corn used in this research was new and doesnt have market label. This research in conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung University from August to October 2007...

Abstrak :
For this paper, we consider the resulting 3-D inversion using inversion modeling, which is motivated by developing theory and the recent application of the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) technique in detecting and mapping of subsurface groundwater. MRS is a non-invasive method which directly detects the groundwater’s existence from surface measurements. A pulse current, at a proper frequency, is transmitted into a loop. After hydrogen atoms of water molecules in the subsurface are energized by pulses of alternative currents, the magnetic resonance field is produced by the H protons is measured within the same loop. Generally, MRS has two observable factors: initial amplitude and decay time. The aim of three-dimensional inversion is to extract the information, i.e., the value and distribution of two physical parameters of the subsurface conditions: water content and subsurface properties (pore and grain size). Additionally, we present a general formulation for inverting the initial amplitude and decay time of the MRS data to recover a 3-D distribution of groundwater. The forward problem was solved using an integral equation method in the spatial domain. An improved Levenberg-Marquardt strategy was employed to solve the inverse problem. Two synthetic examples are illustrated to determine the basic functionality of the inversion algorithm. The real data results show applicability and relevance in larger-scale field examples.

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Mudflow is a type of mass movement with high velocity. It is comprised mainly of silt and clay-sized particles. Mudflow movement behavior involves undrained shear strength and viscosity as part of a resistance force that withstands shear stress as a driving force. Many methods have been developed to determine the value of viscosity. This study used Vallejo and Scovazzo’s modification method to determine the viscosity value, and assumed that mudflow material behaves as a Bingham plastic material. A flume channel was used in this study to measure the displacement and time required for mud to flow in order to obtain the mudflow transportation velocity. The measurement was conducted for four different slope angles and water contents. To compare the samples, Kaolin soil was used for the pilot project and Parakan Muncang soil was used as the natural landslide material in order to obtain the viscosity value throughout this study. This study aims to evaluate the capability of Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method to determine the viscosity value. We found that Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method cannot be used in a single slope angle. This approach requires that the sliding plane angle be adjusted for varying shear stress magnitudes, and that, consequently, different strain rates for each shear stress are obtained. The correlation curve between the shear stress and the strain rate, which corresponds to the Bingham plastic material curve, needs to be governed. The viscosity value was obtained by calculating the gradient of the linear tangent line. Furthermore, Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method is recommended only for tests at a low strain rate level, as a high strain level would cause difficulties in recording string displacement and mud transportation time. However, testing mud at a low strain rate level will obtain a higher value of mud viscosity that is not representative of mudflow viscosity.

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Pertumbuhan ekonomi global berdampak pada meningkatnya permintaan bahan bakar. Indonesia menggunakan biodiesel sebagai alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dengan penggunaan yang diatur secara bertahap. Namun, masalah penyumbatan filter pada mesin biodiesel menjadi tantangan. Penggunaan ceramic membrane filter telah ditemukan sebagai metode untuk mengurangi masalah ini, tetapi diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menguji pengaruhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan mengkaji sifat fisika kimia serta kontaminan yang terbentuk dari campuran bahan bakar biodiesel (B30) pada tangki penyimpanan kapal laut sebelum dan setelah menggunakan ceramic membrane filter. Pengujian yang dilaksanakan meliputi nilai densitas, viskositas kinematik, water content, cleanliness, FBT, total gliserin, dan bacterial growth. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa perbedaan pada setiap variabel yang diuji. Nilai densitas dan viskositas kinematik cenderung tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan sebelum dan setelah menggunakan ceramic membrane filter. Sementara itu, hasil pengujian karakteristik menunjukkan menurunnya nilai karakteristik kontaminan yang terbentuk dari penggunaan ceramic membrane filter dengan variasi ukuran pori 0.05 µm, 0.1 µm, 0.2 µm, dan 1.2 µm. Water Content menurun dari yang sebelumnya bernilai 305 ppm menjadi 290 ppm, 158 ppm, 289 ppm, 201 ppm, dan 206 ppm pada masing-masing sampel ukuran ukuran pori. Nilai cleanliness menggunakan ISO Code 4406 sebelum menggunakan ceramic membrane filter adalah 21/19/15. Setelah menggunakan ceramic membrane filter terdapat penurunan dengan sampel yang paling baik mengurangi jumlah kontaminan adalah sampel 0.1 µm dengan nilai 15/14/13. Nilai FBT turun yang sebelumnya bernilai 7.57 menjadi 1-1.05. Bacterial Growth juga menurun yang sebelumnya bernilai 80 menjadi 8-43 RLU. Sementara itu, nilai total gliserin cenderung tidak memiliki perubahan yang signifikan dengan rentang hasil uji antara 0.04 %-massa sampai 0.05 %-massa pada setiap sampel yang diuji. ......Global economic growth has led to an increasing demand for fuel, which is still predominantly dominated by fossil energy sources. Indonesia has been using biodiesel as an environmentally friendly alternative, with its usage regulated gradually. However, filter clogging issues in biodiesel engines remain a challenge. The use of ceramic membrane filters has been discovered as a method to reduce these problems, but further research is needed to examine their effect. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the physicochemical properties and contaminants formed from the biodiesel fuel mixture (B30) in marine vessel storage tanks before and after using ceramic membrane filters. Testing includes density, kinematic viscosity, water content, cleanliness, FBT, total glycerin, and bacterial growth. The research results indicate several differences in each tested variable. Density and kinematic viscosity values tend to show no significant differences before and after using a ceramic membrane filter. However, the testing results of characteristic parameters show a decrease in the values of contaminant characteristics formed from the use of ceramic membrane filters with pore size variations of 0.05 µm, 0.1 µm, 0.2 µm, and 1.2 µm. Water content decreased from its initial value of 305 ppm to 290 ppm, 158 ppm, 289 ppm, 201 ppm, and 206 ppm for each pore size sample. The cleanliness value using ISO Code 4406 before using the ceramic membrane filter was 21/19/15. After using the ceramic membrane filter, there was a decrease, with the best sample reducing the number of contaminants to a value of 15/14/13 for the 0.1 µm sample. The FBT (Filter Blocking Tendency) value decreased from its initial value of 7.57 to 1-1.05. Bacterial growth also decreased from 80 to 8-43 RLU (Relative Light Units). Meanwhile, the total glycerin value tends to show no significant change, with test results ranging from 0.04% to 0.05% by mass for each tested sample.

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Setelah peristiwa longsor di TPA Leuwigajah, TPA Sarimukti dijadikan sebagai TPA sementara untuk menampung sampah di wilayah Bandung. Untuk menghindari peristiwa longsor yang serupa pada TPA tersebut, diperlukan analisis terhadap parameter kuat geser material sampah yang berhubungan terhadap stabilitas timbunan. Untuk itu, dilakukan studi terhadap material sampah perkotaan artifisial berdasarkan komposisi di TPA tersebut. Studi yang dilakukan meliputi pengaruh kadar air pemadatan terhadap nilai sudut geser dan kohesi material. Selain itu studi dilakukan untuk melakukan validasi terhadap metode serta hasil yang diperoleh. Dari hasil pengujian triaxial unconsolidated undrained pada sampel sampah artifisial diperoleh nilai kohesi; c untuk material dengan kadar air pemadatan di bawah optimum sebesar 5,38 kPa; material dengan kadar air pemadatan optimum sebesar 2,38 kPa; dan material dengan kadar air pemadatan di atas optimum sebesar. Adapun nilai sudut geser; φ untuk sampel dengan kadar air di bawah optimum sebesar 8,56o; sampel dengan kadar air pemadatan optimum 7,64o; dan sampel dengan kadar air di atas optimum sebesar 2,78o. Hasil yang diperoleh selanjutnya dimodelkan dalam aplikasi Slope/W untuk melakukan validasi hasil dengan kondisi di lapangan. Dari pemodelan tersebut menunjukkan parameter material artifisial belum dapat merepresentasikan kondisi di lapangan

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After the landslides incident in Leuwigajah Landfill, the Sarimukti Landfill was used as a temporary landfill to accomodate the waste in Bandung. To avoid the similar incident in Sarimukti Landfill, the analysis of shear strength parameters of waste materials related to the stability of the embankment is required. For that reasons, this study was conducted on artificial Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) based on the material composition in Sarimukti Landfill. The study was conducted on the effects of compaction water content on the friction angle and cohesion of the artificial waste material. In addition the study conducted to validate the method and the results obtained. From the unconsolidated undrained triaxial test obtained the cohesion for material with the less optimum water content is 5,38 kPa; the cohesion for material with optimum water content is 0 kPa; and the cohesion for material with over optimum water content is 2,38 kPa. The value of friction angle; φ for samples with a water content below optimum is 8,56o; samples with optimum water content is 7,64o; and samples with water content above the optimum is 2,78o. The results then modeled using application Slope/W to validate the results with field conditions. The modeling shows that the shear strength parameters of the artificial material can not represent the conditions in the field.

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ABSTRAK
komposit berpenguat serat alam dapat menjadi alternatif untuk menggantikan komposit berpenguat serat sintetis yang kurang ramah terhadap lingkungan. Serat dari tumbuhan kenaf adalah salah satu serat alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengganti penguat serat sintesis pada komposit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kuat lentur, daya serap air, dan kadar air pada komposit polipropilena berpenguat serat kenaf dengan variasi fraksi berat serat sesuai dengan SNI 01-4449-2006. Serat kenaf diberi perlakuan alkali sebelum digunakan sebagai penguat dengan cara direndam dalam larutan NaOH 5%. Komposit polipropilena/serat kenaf kemudian difabrikasi dengan mesin hot press. Fraksi berat serat yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt%, dan sampel polipropilena murni juga difabrikasi sebagai pembanding. Komposit yang difabrikasi disebut sebagai papan serat dengan kerapatan tinggi menurut SNI karena memiliki nilai densitas 1,08 g/cc. Kuat lentur, daya serap air, dan kadar air terbaik dimiliki oleh komposit polipropilena/serat kenaf 30wt% dengan nilai masing-masing (4,77 ± 1,00) MPa, (3,61 ± 1,77) % dan (1,12 ± 0,34)%; dan nilai-nilai ini memenuhi Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI) tentang papan serat.

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ABSTRACT
Natural fiber reinforced composites can be an alternative to replace composites with synthetic fibers reinforcement that are less environmentally friendly. Kenaf fiber which is obtained from kenaf plant is one of natural fibers that can be used as a reinforcement in composites. The purpose of this research was to determine the flexural strength, water absorbent, and water content of polypropylene/kenaf fiber composites with variations of fiber weight fraction according to SNI 01-4449-2006. Kenaf fiber was treated by alkaline treatment before being used as a reinforcement by immersing kenaf fiver in NaOH 5% solution. Polypropylene/kenaf fiber composites were fabricated with compression moulding method using a hot press machine. Fiber weight fractions used in this research were 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt%, and pristine polypropylene samples were also fabricated as a comparison. Based on SNI, the fabricated composites was called Papan Serat Kerapatan Tinggi (PSKT) because the density value was 1,08 g/cc. The flexural strength, minimum water absorption and water content were found in polypropylene/kenaf fiber composite 30wt% with the value of (4,77 ± 1,00) MPa, (3,61 ± 1,77) % and (1,12 ± 0,34)% respectively and these values met the Fiber Board Indonesian National Standard (SNI).

Abstrak :
Polusi udara merupakan permasalahan global yang berdampak negatif terhadap makhluk hidup dan lingkungan. Telah diketahui bahwa polusi udara dapat dikurangi dengan upaya bioremediasi, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan tanaman pohon. Tanaman pohon dapat merespons polusi udara secara fisiologis. Respons fisiologis tersebut dapat diketahui dari nilai indeks air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat toleransi dan perbedaan respons fisiologis enam spesies tanaman pohon (Mangifera indica, Pterocarpus indicus, Cerbera odollam, Pometia pinnata, Syzygium myrtifolium, dan Swietenia macrophylla) di Kawasan Industri Pulogadung, Jakarta Timur dan Kampus UI Depok terhadap cekaman polusi udara berdasarkan nilai APTI. Pengukuran parameter lingkungan dan nilai APTI dengan parameter relative water content, pH ekstrak daun, kandungan asam askorbat, dan kandungan klorofil total dilakukan pada enam spesies tanaman pohon di kedua lokasi penelitian. Hasil uji APTI menunjukkan tanaman M. indica termasuk ke dalam kategori toleran terhadap polusi udara dengan nilai APTI tertinggi di Kawasan Industri Pulogadung yaitu sebesar 9,79 ± 0,13. Sementara itu, P. indicus termasuk ke dalam kategori sensitif terhadap polusi udara dengan nilai APTI terendah di Kampus UI Depok yaitu sebesar 6,59 ± 0,18. Hasil uji APTI tersebut menunjukkan bahwa spesies yang toleran memiliki nilai RWC dan kandungan asam askorbat yang tinggi, sedangkan spesies yang sensitif memiliki nilai RWC dan kandungan klorofil total yang rendah. ......Air pollution is a global problem that negatively affects living things and the environment. It is well known that air pollution can be reduced by bioremediation, one of which is by utilizing tree plants. Tree plants can respond to air pollution physiologically. The physiological response can be known from the value of the air pollution tolerance index (APTI). This study aims to find out the tolerance levels and physiological response differences of six tree plants species (Mangifera indica, Pterocarpus indicus, Cerbera odollam, Pometia pinnata, Syzygium myrtifolium, and Swietenia macrophylla) in Pulogadung Industrial Estate, East Jakarta and UI Campus in Depok towards air pollution based on APTI values. Measurements of environmental parameters and APTI values with relative water content parameters, leaf extract pH, ascorbic acid content, and total chlorophyll content were conducted in six species of tree plants at both research sites. APTI test results showed that M. indica plants fall into the category of air pollution tolerance with the highest APTI value in the Pulogadung Industrial Estate at 9.79 ± 0.13. Meanwhile, P. indicus is included in the category of sensitive to air pollution with the lowest APTI score at UI Depok Campus which is 6.59 ± 0.18. The APTI test results showed that tolerant species had high RWC values and high ascorbic acid content, while sensitive species had low RWC values and low total chlorophyll content.