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"This detailed account tells the background story of a privatised monopoly whose sharp practices embroiled a national government in scandal and shocked a nation that prides itself on the strength of its institutions. AWB Limited, the former Australian Wheat Board that in the 1990s was sold into the private sector, paid more than $US200m in kickbacks to the pariah regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, exploiting the provisions of the United Nations? Oil for Food program by inflating the price of the wheat it sent there to disguise the pay-offs that secured the contracts. The ensuing uproar threatened the careers of key cabinet ministers in the Howard government and contributed to the rise and subsequent election victory of the Australian Labor Party?s Kevin Rudd."

"Latar belakang: Penggunaan tepung terigu semakin lama semakin meningkat, begitu juga dengan gangguan kesehatan paru akibat pajanannya. Karena belum banyaknya penelitian yang menganalisis dampak debu tepung tersebut terhadap kesehatan paru maka dilakukannya penelitian gangguan fungsi paru restriksi (GFPR) akibat pajanan debu tepung terigu.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di suatu pabrik tepung di Jakarta tahun 2006. Responden berasal dari pekerja yang terpajan tinggi dan rendah terhadap debu tepung. Data yang dikumpulkan antara lain karakteristik demografi, kadar debu personal dan spirometri (diukur oleh Balai Hiperkes dan Keselamatan Kerja). Analisis menggunakan pendekatan risiko relatif (RR) dengan waktu konstan (constant time).Hasil: Dan total responden 118 orang, didapatkan yang terpajan tinggi 81 orang dan 37 yang terpajan rendah. Ditemukan kadar debu perorangan sebesar 5,66 mg/m', GFPR terjadi pads 43,2% responden. Kadar debu tinggi dan umur di atas 35 tahun paling berpengaruh terhadap GFPR. Jika dibandingkan dengan pajanan rendah, responden yang bekerja di tempat pajanan tinggi memiliki kemungkinan GFPR 2,4 kali lipat [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) 2,40; 95% interval kepereayaan (CI) 1,13 - 5,13; p = 0,022]. Jika bandingkan dengan usia di bawah 35 tahun, maka responden yang di atas 35 tahun mempunyai risiko GFPR lebih besar 1,7 kali lipat (RRa 1,67; 95% CI 0,87 - 3,22; p=0,122).Kesimpulan: Responden yang bekerja dipajanan tinggi dan berusia di atas 35 tahun , perlu mendapat perhatian khusus terutama fungsi paru.

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Background: Usage of wheat flour longer progressively mount along with the increasing of food variant using wheat flour materials. The mentioned is also experienced of by PT X as wheat flour producer, every year its production increasing, but affect from the production are incidence of flour dirt exposure to worker resulting its health trouble specifically for bronchi.

Method: Research conducted to 118 employees designed by cross sectional study to two group which are high exposure (81 employees) and lower exposure (37 employees) to flour dust base on result of measurement of personal dust sampler. Using risk analysis relative by wearing Cox regressi. Study conducted with interview to and responder measurement of lung function by spirometri.

Result: The concentration flour dust of packing exceed TLVs. Restrictive lung disorder happened at 43,2% responder. Responder in place high exposure have possibility of restrictive lung disorder 2,40 times bigger than low exposure (RR 2,40; CI 1,13 - 5,13; p= 0,022). Compared to age under 35 year, responder age above 35 year have bigger restrictive lung disorder risk (RR 1,67; CI 0,87 - 3,22; p=0,122)

Conclusion: employees are high exposure and have age above 35 year , require to get special attention especially lung function."

"ABSTRAKBacillus sp. Th4 merupakan bakteri penghasil amilase. Pada proses fermentasi, sumber karbohidrat mempengaruhi dan menentukan hasil akhir proses tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh sumber karbohidrat, yaitu: maizena, tepung sagu, tapioka, tepung beras, dan soluble starch, terhadap aktivitas amylase Bacillus sp. Th4; dan menentukan sumber karbohidrat terbaik untuk aktivitas amilase yang maksimum.Bacillus sp. Th4 diinokulasikan pada medium fermentasi Pamatong modifikasi dengan variasi sumber karbohidrat, dan diinkubasi dalam shaking incubator selama 20 jam, 45°C, dengan kecepatan 120 rpm. Aktivitas amilase diuji berdasarkan metode Morgan & Priest modifikasi. Gula pereduksi yang terbentuk diukur dengan menggunakan pereaksi DNS. Urutan dari tinggi ke rendah, aktivitas amylase hasil penelitian ini, diperoleh pada substrat tapioka, tepung sagu, maizena, soluble starch dan tepung beras. Pada tapioka aktivitas amilase berbeda nyata dengan tepung sagu, maizena, soluble starch dan tepung beras. Aktivitas amilase pada maizena, soluble starch dan tepung beras tidak berbeda nyata, tetapi berbeda nyata dengan tepung sagu.ABSTRACT"

"Pencemaran tanah oleh logam berat yang terakumulasi dalam tanaman dan produk olahan tanaman tersebut akan menimbulkan bahaya bagi manusia yang mengkonsumsinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui kadar logam timbal, tembaga, dan kadmium pada tepung gandum utuh dan tepung terigu dari negara importir yang berbeda, yaitu Amerika Serikat, Australia, Kanada, dan Turki. Sampel tepung gandum ini kemudian didestruksi dengan 9 ml asam nitrat pekat menggunakan Microwave Digestion System (180ºC, 25 menit). Serapan logam dalam sampel diukur dengan spektrofotometer serapan atom (SSA) pada panjang gelombang yang spesifik, yaitu 283,3 nm untuk timbal; 324,8 nm untuk tembaga; dan 228,8 nm untuk kadmium. Asetilen-udara digunakan sebagai gas pembakar dan oksidannya. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tepung terigu Turki mengandung timbal 0,2216 mg/kg, tembaga 2,5427 mg/kg, dan kadmium 0,1045 mg/kg; tepung terigu Australia mengandung timbal 0,3151 mg/kg, tembaga 1,3641 mg/kg, dan kadmium 0,1264 mg/kg; tepung gandum utuh Amerika Serikat mengandung timbal 0,7111 mg/kg, tembaga 5,5128 mg/kg, dan kadmium 0,1618 mg/kg; tepung gandum utuh Kanada mengandung timbal 0,3872 mg/kg, tembaga 3,4577 mg/kg dan kadmium 0,1375 mg/kg. Berdasarkan batas aman yang tertera pada Standar Nasional Indonesia 01-3751-2006, seluruh sample yang diuji, baik tepung terigu maupun tepung gandum utuh, masih di bawah batas aman dan layak untuk dikonsumsi.

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Soil contamination caused by heavy metals is accumulated in plants and the processed products. It will be harmful to human?s health. The aim of this research was to analyze and investigate the concentration of lead, copper, and cadmium in whole wheat flour and wheat flour from different importer countries, such as USA, Australia, Canada, and Turkey. The samples were destructed with 9 ml concentrated nitric acid using microwave digestion system (180ºC, 25 minutes). Absorption of metals contained in samples were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) at the specific wavelengths, which were 283,3 nm for lead; 324,8 nm for copper; and 228,8 nm for cadmium. Acetylene-air was used as the fuel gas and oxidant.

This research showed that Turkey wheat flour contained lead 0,2216 mg/kg, copper 2,5427 mg/kg, and cadmium 0,1045 mg/kg; Australia wheat flour contained lead 0,3151 mg/kg, copper 1,3641 mg/kg, and cadmium 0,1264 mg/kg; USA whole wheat flour contained lead 0,7111 mg/kg, copper 5,5128 mg/kg, and cadmium 0,1618 mg/kg; Canada whole wheat flour contained lead 0,3872 mg/kg, copper 3,4577 mg/kg and cadmium 0,1375 mg/kg. Based on the safety limit that is allowed by National Standardization Agency of Indonesia 01-3751-2006, all of those analyzed samples either whole wheat flour or wheat flour are safe for human consumption."

"Latar belakang: PT X adalah produsen tepung gandum, dimana dalam proses produksinya dihasilkan debu tepung yang mencemari lingkungan kerja. Debu tepung gandum yang masuk ke saluran nafas pekerja dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada saluran nafas yaitu Rinitis Akibat Kerja.Metode: Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu diketahuinya faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan Rinitis Akibat Ketja. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain studi kasus kontrol untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor risiko pada pekerja dan terjadinya Rinitis Akibat Kerja. Responden adalah pekerja yang bekerja di bagian Pengepakan yang memenuhi syarat inkiusi, berjumlah 215 responden. Data yang dikumpulkan yaitu variabei babas (umur, masa kerja, pakai APD, riwayat atopi dan kebiasaan merokok) dan variabel iergantungnya Rinitis Akibat Kerja.Hasil: Hasil pengukuran kadar debit personal melebihi NAB (4 mg/m3) yaitu di proses pengepakan sebesar 5.66 mglm3 dan proses pengayakan sebesar 15.12 mg/rn3. Dari 215 responder didapatkan 82 responden (38.1%) yang menderita Rinitis Akibat Kerja atau kasus dan 133 responden (61.9%) yang tidal( menderita Rinitis Akibat Kerja sebagai kontrol. Riwayat atopi dan Pemakaian Mat Pelindung Diri yang kurang baik, berhubungan dengan terjadinya Rinitis Akibat Kerja yaitu masing-masing dengan OR--4.24; p 0.00; 95% CI 2.35-7.66 dan OR 2.06; p 0.014; 95%CI 1.16-3.65.Kesimpulan: Pajanan debu tepung di udara bagian Pengepakan melebihi Nilai Ambang Batas. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan Rinitis Akibat Kerja pada pekerja bagian Pengepakan adalah adanya riwayat atopi dan pemakaian Alat Peiindung Diri (masker) yang kurang baik.

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Background: PT X is a factory produces whole-wheat flour which its process generates flour dust that contamined working environment especialy at packaging area Inhaled flour dust may affect to workers'respiratory tract, then included Occupational Rhinitis.

Method: This study was conducted by using ease control design to look at the relation between worker characteristics, length of service, atopic history, personal protection equipment use and smoking habit. 215 study subjects who work for Packaging Department and fulfilled inclution criteria were involved in this study. Collected data were consisted of Occupational Rhinitis as dependent variable and its risk factors as independent variables.

Result: The level of personal dust exposure were 5.66 mg/m3 at packaging area and 15.12 mg/m' at the filtering process which exceeded Treshold Limit Value of 4 mglm3. 82 subjects (38.1%) of 215 total respondent were diagnosed Occupational Rhinitis. In contrast 133 subjects (61.9%) were not Occupational Rhinitis as a control group. Statistical analysis shows that unappropriate use of personal protection equipment and atopic history have significant association with the risk of Occupational Rhinitis (OR 2.06; 95%Cl; 1.16-3.65 and OR 4.24; 95%Cl; 2.35-7.66).

Conclusion: The exposure levels of the flour dust in the air of Packaging Department were above Treshold Limit Value. Factors assosiated with the Occupational Rhinitis at the workers of the Department of Packaging are atopic history, and unappropriate use of personal protection equipment (masker)."

"Nowadays, trade has become more liberalized, tariff has steadily fallen but many of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to international trade remain or even increase. Regulatory measures such as technical standards on quality offering protection for human, animal, or environment. However, the purpose sometimes blur with the interest of domestic industry. Thus it can be the impediment of trade, which can decrease welfare. Indonesia also has its own standards, the National Standards of Indonesia (SNI). One of the standards is SNI for wheat flour, which application has been mandatory by Government. The purpose of the regulation is to increase nutritious value of society, however to some extent it is intertwined with the purpose of protecting domestic industry by using SNI as technical barriers, even though it is equally imposed to both domestic and foreign producers. This thesis shows that until 2006 the application of mandatory SNI for wheat flour in Indonesia did not act as technical barriers, although this thesis shows that the application of mandatory SNI has caused an increase in production cost and transaction cost of both local and foreign wheat flour producers. The increase in domestic production cost with the raw materials approach calculates only 0.01 percent from total cost of raw material. While the effect of increase in costs for foreign producer, by using quantity of export approach, shows that countries with high export to Indonesia are not strongly affected and they keep on exporting. Increases !n transaction costs come from the certification cost, certification procedures and quality control mechanism. There is around 380% difference in certification fee between domestic and foreign producer. There are also other potential transaction costs that might incur both to domestic producers or importers such as lobbying cost, queuing cost, information cost and even bribery cost. In average, the quantity of imported wheat after the implementation (2002-2006) increased for around forty percent, although during the first two years of the application it experienced a slight decrease. However, the increase in quantity of Imported wheat flour did not very much infiuence its market share in domestic market. Data shows that the market share of imported wheat flour did not experience any increase during 2002-2006. On the other hand, the average productions of domestic industry has fncreased for around fifty percent during 2002-2006, while its market share still take a dominant position with more than eighty percent. Finally, this research show that the increase in production costs and transaction costs due to the application of mandatory SNI is not significance in influencing domestic production/ quantity of import and market share."

"Indonesia memiliki potensi yang besar dalam memproduksi enzim untuk industri bioteknologi. Sayangnya, dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah, enzim untuk industri bioteknologi masih diimpor. Perkembangan produksi enzim di Indonesia harus didukung untuk menurunkan tingkat impor enzim. Industri biodiesel merupakan salah satu industri bioteknologi yang memanfaatkan enzim untuk produknya. Lipase adalah enzim utama dan berperan sebagai biokatalis untuk produksi biodiesel. Produksi enzim lipase dari Rhizopus oryzae dikembangkan dengan menggunakan metode fermentasi solid state dan submerged untuk menghasilkan enzim lipase dalam jumlah tinggi dengan limbah pertanian yang dimanfaatkan sebagai substrat untuk produksi lipase. Kondisi optimum untuk produksi lipase ditemukan dengan berbagai waktu, konsentrasi substrat dan konsentrasi induser dari fermentasi. Waktu fermentasi divariasikan menjadi 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari dengan variasi konsentrasi substrat 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5, substrat yang digunakan adalah dedak gandum. Dan variasi induser adalah 2, 4, 6, dan 8. Ekstraksi akan dilakukan melalui kain muslin, sentrifugasi dan disaring dengan kertas saring. Lipase yang dihasilkan adalah enzim lipase basah dan kering. Titrasi digunakan sebagai uji enzimatik untuk aktivitas lipase. Dengan kondisi optimum dari konsentrasi inducer 6,9, konsentrasi substrat 1,9 dan 3,5 hari periode fermentasi. Aktivitas unit yang dihasilkan dari lipase 62,67 U/ml dan 50 U/ml untuk Submerged Fermentasi dan Solid-State Fermentation masing-masing. Dengan hasil sintesis biodiesel sebesar 38,11 melalui rute non-alkohol.

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Indonesia has huge potentials on producing enzymes for biotechnology industries. Unfortunately, with abundant natural resources, the enzymes for biotechnology industries were still imported. The development of enzyme production in Indonesia should be supported in order to reduce the import level of enzymes. Biodiesel industry is one of the biotechnology industries that utilizes enzyme for their product. Lipase is the main enzyme and act as the biocatalyst for the production of biodiesel. The production of lipase enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae are developed using the Solid State fermentation and Submerged fermentation method in order to yield high amount of lipase enzyme with the agricultural waste is utilize as the substrate for the lipase production.

The optimum condition for the production of lipase is discovered by varying time, substrate concentration and inducer concentration of the fermentation. The time of fermentation is 1, 3, 5, and 7 days with substrate concentration variation of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5, the substrate used is Wheat Bran. And the variation of the inducer is 2, 4, 6, and 8. The extraction will be done by squeezing the suspension through muslin cloth, centrifugation and filtered by filter paper. Titration is used as the enzymatic assay for the lipase activity. Under optimum condition of 6.9 inducer concentration, 1.9 substrate concentration and 3.5 day of fermentation period. Resulting unit activity of lipase of 62.67 U ml and 50 U ml for Submerged Fermentation and Solid State Fermentation respectively. With biodiesel synthesis yield of 38.11 through non alcohol route. "

"Kondensasi kromosom pada tahap metafase memiliki peranan penting dalam keberlangsungan siklus sel. Sejauh ini masih terus dilakukan penelitian mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi kondensasi kromosom. Kation divalen, terutama kalsium (Ca2+) diketahui memiliki peranan penting dalam kondensasi kromosom manusia. Akan tetapi, peranan Ca2+ terhadap kromosom tumbuhan belum diketahui. Gandum merupakan salah satu organisme model dalam sitogenetika. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian mengenai efek Ca2+ kalsium terhadap kondensasi kromsosom gandum (Triticum spp.). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian 1 mM BAPTA (1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N, N, N′, N′-tetraacetic acid), 1 mM EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), sebagai pelekat Ca2+, terhadap struktur kromosom gandum menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Kecambah gandum dipotong bagian ujung akar dan diinkubasi di dalam larutan PFA (Paraformaldehyde) 2%. Sampel diinkubasi dengan enzim selulase 2,5 % dan pectoliase 2,5%. Setelah itu sampel diberi perlakuan masing-masing dengan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan kontrol dengan PBS. Kromosom kemudian diwarnai dengan aceto orcein sedangkan yang diamati SEM dipreparasi melalui tahap fiksasi, post-fiksasi, staining, dehidrasi, dan dikeringkan dengan HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) sebelum diamati menggunakan SEM. Hasil yang diperoleh pada pengamatan kuantitatif menunjukkan panjang rata-rata untuk kromosom kontrol 12,5±3,4 µm sedangkan pada perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA panjang rata-rata yang diperoleh adalah 17,7±6,6 µm dan 41,9±16,3 µm. Struktur kromosom kontrol secara kualitatif lebih padat dan lebih terkondensasi. Akan tetapi kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA menunjukkan hasil yang lebih panjang, tersebar, dan terjadi dekondensasi kromosom sehingga serat-serat kromatin lebih terlihat jelas. Hal tersebut menunjukkan Ca2+ memiliki peranan penting dalam kondensasi kromosom gandum.

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Chromosome condensation at metaphase has an important role in the continuation of the cell cycle. Researches on the investigation of the major factors affecting chromosome condensation has been conducted so far. Divalent cations, especially Ca2+ has been reported to have an important role in human chromosome condensation. Nevertheless, its effect on the plant chromosome has yet to be evaluated. Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the model organisms in cytogenetics.Therefore, study to evaluate the effect of Ca2+ on wheat chromsosomes is required. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA as the Ca2+ chelating agent on the wheat chromosomes using light microscope and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The root tips of wheat sprouts was cut off and incubated in a 2% PFA (Paraformaldehyde)  solution. The sample was incubated with 2.5% cellulase and 2.5% pectoliase enzyme. After that, the samples were treated with 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, and PBS as control. Chromosome were then stained with aceto orcein, while sample for SEM were subjected to SEM preparation including fixation, post-fixtaion, staining, dehydration, and HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane)  drying. The results showed that the average length of the control chromosome was 12.5±3.4 µm, while those treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA showed the average length of 17.7 ± 6.6 µm and 41. 9 ± 16.3 µm, respectively. The qualitative observation of the control chromosomes showed the more compact and condensed structure. However, chromosomes treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA showed a longer, dispered, and decondensed chromosome showing the chromatin fibers. This result indicated that Ca2+ play an important role in wheat chromosome condensation."