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Abstrak :
The sharp increase in oil price automatically will benefit the oil producer, in Indonesia they are production sharing contractor. They receive excess profit from the high sales price in access of increasing oil price. The excess profit usually called as windfall profit, which is an unearned, unanticipated gain in income through no additional effort. This favourable condition on the contrary cause unequal income distribution, where the fairness rationale was strongly influenced by impact of higher energy prices on poorer consumers, where there will be more money on energy expenditure. This condition indicates the declining of government's ability to do their duty in giving transfer payment for citizen, especially petroleum subsidy. This condition had ever hapenned in Indonesia in 1974, when arising oil prices generated windfall profits for the oil company. The political climate at that time dictated that if there was a windfall, then most of that windfall should benefit the government. In order to comply it, negotiations were started through New Deal Agreement. In another country, this happened in United States of America in 1980, where the Federal Government enacted a special federal excise tax called the crude oil windfall profit tax. The tax was enacted basically to recoup much of the large increase in oil industry profits that was anticipated from the decontrol of oil price. The tax was imposed on the difference between the market price of oil, which was called as removal price and the base price that was adjusted quaterly for inflation and state severance tax. Since the fourth generation of Production Sharing Contract in Indonesia, there has not been regulation yet accomodated windfall profit, also in the section of contract. By looking at the history and taking a look at nowaday's sitiuation, the government of Indonesia can consider to enact regulation about windfall profit received by production sharing contractor. This research try to study the windfall profit received by production sharing contractor observed from income tax regulations, especially the concept of income. This research uses qualitative approach descriptive type by using literature, in depth interview, and historical analysis. After all, it shows that windfall profit is excess income received because of the increasing of oil price. So naturally windfall profit is a kind of income according to income concept contempelated by Schainz, Haig, and Simon (SHS Concept) which also adopted by section about Income in Indonesian Income Tax Regulation. By looking at the history, it is recommended for the government of Indonesia to give special treatment in calculating the windfall profit as part of production sharing contractor's income. To calculate windfall profit, it depends on the government regulation regarding how to define windfall profit. What kind of price or threshold price will be used as the base price in determining profit which generates windfall profit. For now, windfall profit can be resulted from the difference between realized market price and Indonesian Crude Price (ICP) multiplied by contractor share. It is caused by ICP which supposed to be a market price of Indonesian oil can not reflect it, because the fact is the ICP always stand below the realized market price, like market price determined by OPEC. This will generate loss potention for Indonesia, where the contractor pay the tax with ICP meanwhile they sell their oil from Indonesia based on realized market price. This recommended formula also to reflect the tax payment of contractor is according to arm's length price. If the windfall profit included in part of contractor's income and multiplied with 44% which is the tax rate applied for contractor, it will raise the change in production sharing, which in favor of government of Indonesia. This thing need the government's attention, calculation, and consideration about this recommended formula. Another several things needed to be considered by the government of Indonesia is the economic, law, and political aspects. So if this policy will be applied, it will reflect the equity between government of Indonesia and the contractor as foreign investor. And Indonesia will not be harmed any more by the condition of the sharp increase in oil price so it will help to enhance the prosperity of Indonesian citizen.

Abstrak :
Konflik di Eropa Timur pada 2022 menyebabkan harga komoditas energi melambung tinggi karena kebijakan embargo dan larangan ekspor. Lonjakan harga komoditas energi tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai negara untuk menambah penerimaan negara serta redistribusi pendapatan melalui windfall profit tax. Industri batu bara sebagai industri pertambangan utama di Indonesia juga menikmati windfall profit dari melonjaknya harga batu bara sehingga pemerintah seharusnya dapat memanfaatkan momentum tersebut untuk menerapkan kebijakan windfall profit tax. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui alternatif kebijakan windfall profit tax berdasarkan analisis komparasi dengan negara Inggris, India, Uganda, dan Uni Eropa serta mengetahui peluang dan tantangan penerapan kebijakan windfall profit tax berdasarkan konsep equity, revenue productivity, dan neutrality – equality. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post-positivist dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa studi lapangan melalui wawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua alternatif penerapan windfall profit tax di Indonesia di mana kedua alternatif tersebut menggunakan metode income-based dengan perbedaan pada objek, tarif, durasi penerapan, serta earmarked revenue. Kemudian, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan dalam metode income-based, terdapat tiga peluang yang terdiri dari adanya potensi penerimaan negara, skema income-based yang mirip dengan skema PPh Badan, serta penerimaan PNBP yang masih terbilang kecil dan perbedaan konsep antara pajak dengan PNBP, serta delapan tantangan berupa metode income-based terdiri dari penentuan kriteria dan ambang batas windfall profit, penentuan durasi penerapan dan evaluasi berkala, administrative cost dan enforcement costs, dan adanya PNBP Minerba dan potensi mengganggu investasi dan keputusan bisnis. Sementara itu, peluang dan tantangan dari metode excise yang ditunjukkan dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya potensi penerimaan negara yang dapat menjadi alternatif cost recovery, skema excise yang mirip dengan skema PNBP, serta penerimaan PNBP yang masih terbilang kecil dan perbedaan konsep antara pajak dengan PNBP. Kemudian, enam tantangan tersebut terdiri dari penentuan durasi penerapan dan evaluasi berkala, administrative cost dan enforcement costs yang meningkat, dan adanya PNBP Minerba serta potensi mengganggu investasi dan keputusan bisnis. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pemerintah agar lebih tanggap dalam menangkap momentum, melibatkan sektor industri dalam membuat kebijakan, mengoptimalkan potensi earmarked revenue, serta menggunakan metode income-based jika menerapkan windfall profit tax. ......The conflict in Eastern Europe during 2022 is anticipated to result in a surge in energy commodity prices due to embargo policies and export restrictions. Various nations have capitalized on this price escalation to bolster state revenues and redistribute income through windfall profit taxes. Indonesia’s coal industry, as a pivotal mining sector, has also reaped windfall profits from the steep rise in coal prices. Consequently, the Indonesian government should leverage this momentum to enact a windfall profit tax policy. This research is aims to explore alternative windfall profit tax policies by conducting a comparative analysis with the United Kingdom, India, Uganda, and the European Union and to identify the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing windfall profit tax policies, drawing upon the concepts of equity, revenue productivity, and neutrality-equality. Employing a post-positivist approach, the study collects data through field studies involving in-depth interviews and literature reviews. The research findings reveal two distinct approaches for implementing windfall profit tax in Indonesia. Both alternatives employ an income-based method, differing in terms of the taxable object, tax rates, implementation duration, and earmarked revenue. Furthermore, within the income-based method, three opportunities emerge: the potential for state revenue, a scheme akin to Corporate Income Tax, and relatively modest non-tax state revenue (PNBP) compared to the conceptual differences between tax and non-tax revenue and relatively small PNBP receipts. However, eight challenges accompany the income-based method, including defining criteria and thresholds for windfall profit, determining implementation duration and periodic evaluation, administrative costs, enforcement costs, and the presence of PNBP Minerba, which could impact investment and business decisions. Meanwhile, the opportunities and challenges associated with the excise method, as indicated in this research, include the potential for state revenue as an alternative cost recovery, a scheme resembling PNBP, and relatively modest PNBP compared to the conceptual differences between tax and non-tax revenue and relatively small PNBP receipts. Six challenges arise from the excise method, including determining implementation duration and periodic evaluation, increasing administrative and enforcement costs, and addressing the impact on investment decisions due to PNBP Minerba. In conclusion, this research recommends that the government be more responsive in seizing momentum, involve industrial sectors in policy-making, optimize earmarked revenue potential, and consider using the income-based method when implementing windfall profit tax policies.