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"ABSTRACTThis paper discusses gender bias within the Indonesian historiography tradition. Various historical literature records that all major events in Indonesian history as a nation are masculine and strongly dominated by male narratives.There is no space for women to be present in the narratives of the past. As if the history of Indonesia is a history of men, whereas if critical research is done then women such as men have a past narrative that is also important. Women are present and give meaning to the development of the nations history. This matter is absent in Indonesian historiography. The strength of gender bias in the historiography of Indonesia can not be separated from the strong patriarchal culture in the life of society. Thus the gender bias ultimately forms a canon, so this is then reproduced from generation to generation. This article argues that critical research by revealing a new fact is a power to change gender bias in Indonesian historiography."

"ABSTRACTMothers of the Nation or ibuism is a term that is often considered negative in the study of womens history. This is related to the nations political journey, during which the New Order regime took power, the terminology was used to control and dominate women in Indonesia. Further explored, in the 19205, the spirit of nationalism are grew, including among the (priayi) noble women. They formed an association and held the Indonesian Womens Congress I in 1928. According to Susan Blackburn, what women did at the time was their nationalistic form, becoming Mothers of the Nation. Using a historical approach, this paper seeks to retrace how early noble women came into existence and formulated their ideas of nationalism. The sources used are the result of literature studies, whether magazines, books, scientific papers, memoirs or biographies of women movement. This paper also use oral and photo sources to complete the experiences of women who involved in this topic."

"Tesis ini membahas pemikiran Maria Ullfah Santoso mengenai kedudukan perempuan dalam masyarakat Indonesia. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini adalah pemikiran-pemikiran Maria Ullfah tentang kedudukan perempuan Indonesia dalam lembaga perkawinan dan partisipasi politik antara tahun 1938 hingga 1941. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjabarkan dan menganalisis pemikiran Maria Ullfah terkait usaha perbaikan kedudukan perempuan Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah, yang terdiri dari pengumpulan sumber atau heuristik; kritik sumber atau verifikasi; analisis dan sintesis atau interpretasi; dan penulisan sejarah atau historiografi. Sedangkan metodologi yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan sejarah pemikiran. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam isu perkawinan, pemikiran-pemikiran Maria Ullfah tentang kedudukan perempuan berawal dari keburukan-keburukan dalam praktik perkawinan yang seringkali menimpa kaum perempuan pada masa kolonial. Ia menekankan bahwa laki-laki dan perempuan haruslah memiliki kedudukan yang sama tingginya dan sama kuatnya dalam suatu perkawinan. Pemikiran yang utama adalah reformasi hukum perkawinan, dalam rangka menghasilkan peraturan perkawinan yang melindungi kedudukan perempuan. Di sisi lain, akses terhadap bantuan hukum perlu dibuka dan diperluas agar kaum perempuan Indonesia dapat memperjuangkan hak-haknya saat itu juga. Dalam isu partisipasi politik, pemikiran-pemikiran Maria Ullfah tentang kedudukan perempuan berawal dari ketimpangan hak pilih antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada masa kolonial. Segala usaha yang ia lakukan kemudian ditujukan untuk memberikan hak pilih aktif dan pasif kepada kaum perempuan Indonesia. Kita dapat melihat bahwa dalam isu perkawinan maupun partisipasi politik, nilai utama yang selalu diperjuangkan oleh Maria Ullfah adalah kesetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Sebagai sesama manusia, tentunya kaum perempuan memiliki hak-hak kemanusiaan yang sama dengan kaum laki-laki. Kedudukan yang setara inilah yang harus terus diperjuangkan dalam segala bidang kehidupan hingga kesetaraan tersebut tertuang tidak hanya dalam teori belaka, namun juga dalam ketentuan hukum serta praktiknya di dunia nyata.

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This thesis discusses Maria Ullfah Santoso’s thoughts on women’s standing in Indonesian society. The scope of this study is Maria Ullfah’s thoughts on Indonesian women’s standing in marriage and political participation between the years of 1938 to 1941. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze Maria Ullfah’s thoughts regarding the efforts to improve Indonesian women’s standing. This study uses historical research method, which comprises of source gathering or heuristics; source critique or verifications; analysis and synthesis or interpretations; and historical writing or historiography. Moreover, the methodology used is intellectual history approach. The results of this study show that on marriage issues, Maria Ullfah’s thoughts on Indonesian women’s standing derived from afflictions in marriage practices which often befell women in the colonial era. She stressed that men and women should have equal standings in marriage. The main idea was marriage law reform, in order to produce marriage legislations that could protect women’s standing. On the other hand, access to legal aids needed to be opened and widened so that Indonesian women could fight for their rights straight away. On political participation issues, Maria Ullfah’s thoughts on Indonesian women’s standing derived from suffrage inequality between men and women in the colonial era. Hence, her efforts were directed toward giving active and passive suffrage for Indonesian women. We can see that on marriage as well as on political participation issues, the main value that was always fought for by Maria Ullfah was equality between men and women. As fellow humans, surely women have the same human rights as men. This equal standing needs to be fought for in every field of life until that equality is achieved not only in mere theory, but also in legislations as well as in real life practices."