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Abstrak :
This article attempts to show and map the feminist agenda in the writings of Indonesian women writers. Focusing on selected prominent Indonesian women writers whose works can be categorized as articulating feminist ideas and perspectives, namely Suwarsih Djojopuspito, Nh Dini, Oka Rusmini, Ratih Kumala, and Intan Paramaditha, I demonstrate how these writers question and examine cultural attributes as a crucial part of gender construction in their works. This article only focuses on writing in prose. By investigating how these writers articulate themselves and how women are written in[to] their works, this research elaborates on women’s writing as rebellion and protest and offers, even provokes gender transgression. Responding to their specific backgrounds and in light of the political and cultural development, the selected writers display protest against and deviance from the patriarchal norms and collectively contribute to the formation of what I coin kebaya feminism, namely feminism that is deeply rooted in Indonesian culture, but accommodates with agility to ideas in the intersections with other cultures.

Abstrak :
This essay looks into the novels of two Indonesian women writers, Perempuan Kembang Jepun (Lan Fang 2009) and Dimsum terakhir (Clara Ng 2006), which depict the struggles of the major female characters in negotiating their ?hybrid? identities amidst the pulls from various opposing forces that try to impose and define their identities. Both works were published in the post-New Order Indonesia, where identity politics seems to dominate the political and cultural realms. Both Lan Fang and Clara Ng try to problematize the rigid and monolithic sense of cultural identity that had been inculcated by the previous regime through its aggressive assimilation policy and imposition of the state ideology of unity. The essay aims at examining different strategies employed by both authors in redefining identity through approaches that see identity as a fluid, non-essentialist, and on-going process rather than a given entity or label that can be simply inscribed on individuals.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Novel Song of Solomon karya Toni Morrison dan novel Mama Day karya Gloria Naylor merupakan dua karya besar penulis wanita kulit hitam. Dengan menggunakan unsur mitos dan aspek supranatural dalam menggerakkan alur cerita, Morrison dan Naylor mengangkat satu tema pencarian "dunia baru" melalui masing-masing tokoh utamanya. "Duna baru" yang merupakan sebuah idealisme dan obsesi orang kulit hitam untuk menemukan identitas rasnya disampaikan dengan sangat rill oleh Morrison dan Naylor. "Dunia baru" tersebut dikonstruksikan sebagai sebuah kota Shalimar dan pulau Willow Springs dengan ciri-ciri budaya lama orang kulit hitam sebagai pembentuknya.

Persoalan pencarian "dunia baru" yang berkaitan erat dengan konstruksi ras ditelaah dengan menggunakan satu pendekatan sosio-historis yang akan memaparkan persoalan dibalik pencarian "dunia baru". Song of Solomon dan Mama Day mengungkapkan bahwa permasalahan orang kulit hitam muncul tidak hanya ketika mereka berinteraksi dengan orang kulit putih sebagai pembeda, namun permasalah rumit yang muncul kemudian adalah ketika orang kulit hitam berinteraksi dengan sesama orang kulit hitam sendiri. Pada saat yang sama, Song of Solomon dan Mama Day mengungkap konflik internal ras kulit hitam sebagai manifestasi dari kaburnya identitas ras kulit hitam.

"Dunia baru" yang diposisikan di Selatan tersebut memapahkan konsep Utara yang selama ini disebut sebagai Promised Land. Idealisme ini akhirnya menyodorkan sebuah konstruksi sejarah baru orang kulit hitam, yang mengungkapkan kemampuan orang kulit hitam untuk bebas dari perbudakan. Konstruksi sejarah baru ini sebagai satu usaha untuk menepis sejarah orang kulit hitam yang selama ini dibentuk melalui kacamata orang kulit hitam yang selalu dihubungkan dengan perbudakan dan ketidakberdayaan orang kulit hitam.

"Duna baru" hanya merupakan sebuah alat untuk sementara lari dari konflik dilematis orang kulit hitam. Pencarian "dunia baru" tidak menjawab permasalahan orang kulit hitam untuk menemukan identitas rasnya. Morrison dan Naylor memaparkan posisi orang kulit hitam yang masih tetap tinggal dalam konflik dilematis yang sangat kuat dengan menunjukkan kegagalan kedua tokoh bertahan di "dunia baru" yang mereka cari.

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ABSTRACT
Both Song of Solomon and Mama Day are masterpieces written by two black women writers, Toni Morrison and Gloria Naylor. They use mythical and supernatural aspects to develop the plot and present an issue of quest for a "new world" through respective character. "New world" as the Blacks' idealism and obsession is presented as a real fact. The "new world" is constructed as Shalimar town and Willow Springs Island. Both are characterized by the old culture of the Blacks.

The quest for the "new world" relating to the race categorization is analyzed by using the social-historical approach. The approach is employed to find out the problems behind the quest. Morrison and Naylor express that the Blacks' problems arise not only because of the interaction between the Whites, but also because of the interaction among the Blacks themselves which brings about more complicated problems. At the same time Song of Solomon and Mama Day present internal conflicts of the Blacks as the manifestation of their unclear identity.

"New world" positioned in South of America and rejects the existing concept of the North as the Promised Land. The idealism depicts a new history of the Black. It shows the ability of the Blacks to get freed from slavery. The construction functions as an effort to repute the Blacks' history which has been formed through the Whites' perspective before. It always relates to the Blacks' disability and slavery.

The "new world" is one of the means through which the Blacks can escape from their dilemmatic problem. The quest for "new world" can't answer the question of authentic identity. This thesis also concludes the writer's tone, which expresses dilemmatic conflicts of Blacks through the failure of the main character, to survive the "new world".