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"Fungi menjadi salah satu agen dalam proses deteriorasi manuskrip kuno, karena manuskrip mengandung senyawa organik sebagai sumber karbon dan nutrien bagi pertumbuhan fungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh dan karakterisasi (morfologi, xerofilik, selulolitik) isolat fungi penyebab deteriorasi manuskrip kuno asal Banyumas koleksi Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia. Dua buah sampel manuskrip kuno asal Banyumas berbahan dluwang mengalami deteriorasi oleh fungi yang terlihat dengan adanya bintik-bintik cokelat, dan perubahan warna kertas menjadi kuning kecokelatan. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi menunjukkan 31 isolat termasuk ke dalam lima genera (Aspergillus Micheli, Cladosporium Link, Curvularia Boedijn, Penicillium Link, Ulocladium Preuss), dan yeast-like fungi. Lima genera fungi tersebut sebelumnya pernah dilaporkan menyebabkan deteriorasi pada manuskrip kuno dari daerah berbeda di Indonesia. Karakter xerofilik ditunjukkan oleh 90% (28 dari 31 isolat) dengan pertumbuhan pada medium DG18 Agar, yang mengindikasikan isolat fungi dapat tumbuh pada substrat kering seperti manuskrip kuno. Karakter selulolitik ditunjukkan oleh 93,5% (29 dari 31 isolat) dengan pertumbuhan pada dluwang dan kertas merang, dan hasil degradasi kertas merang dengan berbagai bentuk. Kisaran persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas merang setelah diinokulasi oleh isolat fungi selama 30 hari adalah 0,28--51,2%. Hasil Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) memperlihatkan isolat fungi menyebabkan deteriorasi pada kertas merang, ditunjukkan dengan adanya struktur fungi (konidia dan hifa/miselium). Kertas mengalami perubahan bentuk dan struktur akibat pertumbuhan fungi, yaitu bentuk serat mengalami deformasi (menjadi tidak beraturan dan berukuran lebih kecil), ter-fragmentasi (menjadi terpotong), dan terlihat jaringan miselia fungi di antara serat kertas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat fungi dari manuskrip kuno asal Banyumas memiliki karakter xerofilik dan selulolitik, dan menggunakan kertas sebagai substrat dan nutrien untuk pertumbuhan. Isolat-isolat fungi dapat mendegradasi kertas merang, yang merupakan indikasi sebagai penyebab deteriorasi pada manuskrip kuno asal Banyumas.

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Fungi are the main cause of deterioration of old manuscripts since manuscripts provide carbon source and nutrient for fungal growth. Isolation of fungi from deteriorated old manuscripts from Banyumas was carried out and their morphology, xerophilic, and cellulolytic nature were investigated. Two deteriorated old dluwang manuscripts showed fungal spores, brown spots, and paper discoloration. Based on morphological characteristics, 31 fungal isolates belonged to five genera (Aspergillus Micheli, Cladosporium Link, Curvularia Boedijn, Penicillium Link, Ulocladium Preuss), and yeast like-fungi. These genera have been reported from deteriorated old manuscripts from several historical places in Indonesia. Xerophilic character was shown by 90% (28 isolates) as determined by colony growth on DG18 Agar, which indicated that the fungal isolates were able to grow in dry substrates such as old manuscripts. Cellulolytic character was shown by 93.5% (29 isolates) as determined by fungal growth on dluwang paper and merang paper, and various forms of degradation of merang paper. After 30 days-incubation, the weight loss percentage of merang paper was 0.28—51.2%. Result from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the fungal isolates caused the deterioration of merang paper as shown by the presence of fungal structures (conidia and hyphae/mycelia). Structure and shape of merang paper were changed as shown by smaller or irregular paper fibers, fragmented, or disjointed fibers, and fungal mycelia network amongst the paper fibers. These results showed that fungal isolates from old manuscripts from Banyumas have xerophilic and celulloytic natures and used papers as carbon sources and substrates for growth. The fungal isolates were able to deteriorate merang paper, which indicated that they caused deterioration on old manuscripts from Banyumas, Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kapang dari dua manuskrip Cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 1 Ruang Naskah PP-UI Depok berdasarkan data sekuens daerah internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA . Pengambilan sampel kapang dari manuskrip dengan metode swab dan isolasi kapang dengan metode culture-dependent. Amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA dan DNA sequencing menggunakan primer forward ITS5 dan primer reverse ITS4. Pencarian homologi sekuens daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan program basic local alignment search tool BLAST. Pembuatan pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining, model dua parameter Kimura dan bootstrap sebanyak 1.000 kali replikasi. Lima isolat kapang terpilih diperoleh berdasarkan tipe morfologi yang berbeda dengan kapang dari manuskrip Cina lama asal plot 2, 4, 5, dan 6. Hasil elektroforesis gel produk PCR daerah ITS rDNA menunjukkan lima strain memiliki ukuran fragmen ITS rDNA dengan kisaran 500--700 pb dan DNA sequencing menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS rDNA berkisar 579--610 pb. Lima strain UICC merupakan anggota dari dua kelas Class Eurotiomycetes dan Dothideomycetes , dua ordo Order Eurotiales dan Capnodiales serta tiga famili Family Aspergillaceae, Cladosporiaceae dan Trichocomaceae. Strain UICC 1099 dan UICC 1102 memiliki homologi 99,4 dan 99,8 dengan type strain Aspergillus pseudodeflectus NRRL 6135T. Strain UICC 1103 memiliki homologi 99,7 dengan type strain Cladosporium colocasiae ATCC 200944 T. Strain UICC 1101 memiliki homologi 99,8 dengan type strain Penicillium coffeae NRRL 35363T. Strain UICC 1100 memiliki homologi 99,4 dengan type strain Penicillium mallochii DAOM 239917T. Lima strain UICC merupakan fungi anamorf dan bersifat xerofilik.

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The objective of this study was to identify moulds isolated from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 1 Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia Depok based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA . Sterile cotton swab was used to obtain samples and culture dependent method was used to isolate moulds. Forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4 were used to amplify ITS rDNA region and sequencing the DNA.

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST program was used to determine the sequence homology of ITS rDNA region. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by Neighbor Joining method with Kimura rsquo s two parameter model and bootstrap with 1,000 replicates. Five selected mould isolates were obtained based on the morphological type differences compared to moulds from old Chinese manuscripts from plot 2, 4, 5, and 6.

Gel electrophoresis showed that the fragment lengths of ITS rDNA region from five strains were on the range of 500 700 bp and DNA sequencing showed that the length variations of ITS DNA fragments were 579 to 610 bp. The five UICC strains belonged to two classes Class Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes , two orders Order Eurotiales and Capnodiales and three families Family Aspergillaceae, Cladosporiaceae and Trichocomaceae.

UICC 1099 and UICC 1102 strains showed 99.4 and 99.8 homologies with their type strain Aspergillus pseudodeflectus NRRL 6135T. UICC 1103 strain has 99.7 homology with its type strain Cladosporium clocasiae ATCC 200944T. UICC 1101 strain has 99.8 homology with its type strain Penicillium coffeae NRRL 35363T. UICC 1100 strain has 99.4 homology with its type strain Penicillium mallochii DAOM 239917T. The five UICC strains are anamorphic and xerophilic fungi."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh identitas spesies kapang dari dua manuskrip Cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 5 Ruang Naskah Perpustakaan Pusat Universitas Indonesia PP-UI, Depok berdasarkan data sekuens daerah internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA. Pengambilan sampel pada manuskrip menggunakan metode swab dengan cotton bud steril. Isolasi kapang menggunakan metode culture-dependent. Polymerase chain reaction PCR dan DNA sequencing menggunakan primer forward ITS5 dan primer reverse ITS4. Pencarian homologi sekuens daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan program basic local alignment search tool BLAST dan pembuatan pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining, model dua parameter Kimura, serta bootstrap sebanyak 1.000 kali replikasi. Penentuan spesies terdekat dan posisi taksonomi menggunakan analisis filogenetik dan didukung oleh data morfologi. Isolasi kapang menghasilkan enam isolat kapang terpilih berdasarkan tipe morfologi yang berbeda dengan kapang dari manuskrip Cina lama asal plot 1, 2, 4, dan 6 Ruang Naskah PP-UI, Depok. Berdasarkan elektroforesis gel, panjang fragmen daerah ITS rDNA dari enam isolat kapang bervariasi antara 600--700 pb. Hasil DNA sequencing lengkap menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS rDNA enam isolat berkisar 582--625 pb. Enam strain UICC merupakan anggota dari tiga kelas Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes dan Sordariomycetes, tiga ordo Capnodiales, Eurotiales dan Hypocreales, dan empat famili Cladosporiaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, dan Pleosporaceae. Strain UICC 1107 memiliki homologi 99,32 dengan type strain Purpureocillium lilacinum sin. Paecilomyces lilacinus ATCC 10114T. Lima strain UICC tidak dapat ditentukan spesiesnya. Strain UICC 1106 adalah Cladosporium sp. dengan homologi 100 terhadap type strain Cladosporium oxysporum CBS 125991T dan Cla. tenuissimum CPC 14235T. Strain UICC 1105 adalah Curvularia sp.1 dengan homologi 93,80 dan strain UICC 1108 adalah Curvularia sp.2 dengan homologi 94,70 terhadap type strain Curvularia carica-papayae CBS 135941T. Strain UICC 1109 adalah Rectifusarium sp. dengan homologi 85,87 terhadap type strain Rectifusarium robinianum CBS 430.91T. Strain UICC 1104 adalah Sarocladium sp. dengan homologi 97,13 terhadap type strain Sarocladium bifurcatum UTHSC 05-3311T. Enam strain UICC merupakan fungi anamorf dan bersifat xerofilik.

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The aim of this study was to determine the species identity of moulds from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 5 Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia, Depok based on internal transcribed spacers region of ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA. Samples from the manuscripts were collected by using swab method with sterile cotton swabs. Mould isolates were obtained by culture dependent method. Polymerase chain reaction PCR and DNA sequencing were performed using forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4. Homology search of ITS rDNA sequences was carried out using basic local alignment search tool BLAST program and phylogenetic tree construction was performed using Neighbor Joining method, Kimura rsquo s two parameter model, and bootstrap 1,000 replicates. The closest species and taxonomic position were obtained by phylogenetic analysis and supported by morphological data. Six mould isolates were selected based on morphological type differences compared to mould isolates from old Chinese manuscripts from plot 1, 2, 4, and 6 Ruang Naskah Central Library UI, Depok. Based on gel electrophoresis, the lengths of ITS rDNA fragments of six mould isolates varied between 600 700 bp. Full sequence data of ITS rDNA of six isolates showed that the lengths of their ITS rDNA varied between 582 625 bp. Six UICC strains belonged to three classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, three orders Capnodiales, Eurotiales and Hypocreales, and four families Cladosporiaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, and Pleosporaceae. UICC 1107 strain showed 99.32 homology to the type strain, Purpureocillium lilacinum syn. Paecilomyces lilacinus ATCC 10114T. Five UICC strains were not able to be determined to the species level. UICC 1106 strain was identified as Cladosporium sp., with 100 homology to the type strains, Cladosporium oxysporum CBS 125991T and Cla. tenuissimum CPC 14235T. UICC 1105 strain was identified as Curvularia sp.1, with 93.80 homology and UICC 1108 strain was identified as Curvularia sp.2, with 94.70 homology to the type strain, Curvularia carica papayae CBS 135941T. Strain UICC 1109 was identified as Rectifusarium sp., with 85.87 homology to the type strain, Rectifusarium robinianum CBS 430.91T. Strain UICC 1104 was identified as Sarocladium sp., with 97.13 homology to the type strain, Sarocladium bifurcatum UTHSC 05 3311T. Six UICC strains were anamorphic and xerophilic fungi."