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"Pada pembuatan gemuk bio ini digunakan Kalsium karbonat atau CaCO3 berukuran submikro-mikro sebagai aditif padat untuk meningkatkan sifat antiwear dari gemuk bio yang dihasilkan dengan NLGI #2. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengepoksidasian minyak sawit pada suhu 65 ˚C; sintesis gemuk bio yang meliputi proses pengadukan, pemanasan, dan saponifikasi pada suhu maksimum 165 ˚C; homogenisasi pada suhu 70 ˚C; serta pengujian karakteristik dan performa gemuk bio yang meliputi uji konsistensi, uji dropping point, serta four ball test untuk menguji sifat antiwear gemuk bio dengan kecepatan putaran sebesar 1150 rpm. Adapun variabel yang terdapat pada penelitian ini yaitu waktu dan suhu selama proses sebagai variabel control; komposisi aditif CaCO3 sebagai variabel bebas; ukuran partikel CaCO3, komposisi base oil, thickener agent, dan BHT serta hasil uji karakteristik sebagai variabel terikat. Hasil yang didapat yaitu gemuk bio NLGI #2 dengan dropping point pada suhu 301 ˚- 317 ˚C. Untuk hasil pengujian antiwear terbaik didapat pada gemuk bio dengan penambahan 3,5% CaCO3 submikro-mikro dengan pengurangan massa ball bearing sebesar 0,7 mg, sementara pada gemuk bio dengan 0% CaCO3 pengurangan tersebut sebesar 250 mg.

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In the making of this bio grease, calcium carbonate or CaCO3 in submicro-micro size is used as a solid additive to increase its antiwear properties. To start the research, the epoxidation of palm oil in 65 ˚C is done first; and then synthesizing of bio grease which consists of mixing, heating, and saponification with maximum temperature at 165 ˚C; homogenization in 70 ˚C; and characterization tests that includes the concistency test, dropping point test, and four ball test. The variable contained in this research are time and temperature as control variable; composition of CaCO3 as independent variable; CaCO3 particle size, composition of base oil, thickener agent, BHT, and the result of characterization test as dependent variable. To start the research, the epoxidation of palm oil is done first, and then synthesizing of bio grease, and characterization testing that includes the elasticity test, concistency test, dropping point test, and four ball test in 1150 rpm. The results of this research are, the bio grease has NLGI #2 with 301 ˚- 317 ˚C in dropping point test. For the antiwear test, the best result is possessed by bio grease with 3.5% of CaCO3 addition with reduction of mass ball bearing as much as 0.7 mg, meanwhile in bio grease with 0% of CaCO3 gave 250 mg reduction of mass ball bearing."

"Masalah gizi Iebih pada masa sekarang ini sudah menjadi masalah global. Gizi Iebih terjadi tidak hanya di negara maju, tetapi juga sudah mulai terjadi pada negara-negara dunia ketiga khususnya didaerah perkotaan. Orang dewasa yang mengalami over-weigh! dipastikan sebagian besar mengalami overweight pada masa remaja. Masa remaja merupakan tahapan kritis terakhir untuk terjadinya kemungkinan overweight. Overweight yang terjadi pada masa remaja akan menimbulkan masalah penyakit degeneratif pada masa kehidupan selanjutnya. Untuk menentukan apakah seorang remaja mengalami overweight atau tidak dilakukan pengukuran dengan menggunakan lndeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) menurut umur.Hubungan antara asupan kalsium dengan berat badan masih menjadi kontroversi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukan hubungan yang signifikan antara asupan kalsium dengan kejadian overweight. Diduga, orang yang mengkonsumsi kalsium dalam jumlah sama dengan atau Iebih dari yang dianjurkan akan dapat mencegahnya untuk menjadi overweight.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang status gizi pada siswa SLTP Al Azhar 12 Rawamangun Jakarta beserta asupan kalsiumnya dan faktor lain yang kemungkinan mempengaruhi IMT. Penelitian ini merupakan anaiisis data primer dengan pendekatan kuantitatif observasional. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional. Jumlah sampel 125 orang. Siswa pada penelitian ini diwakili oleh siswa kelas 7 dan 8. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara stratyied random sampling dari IO kelas yang ada. Variabel terikat adalah IMT dan variabel bebas adalah asupan kalsium, total energi. persen energi dari Karbohidral, protein dan lemak, lama menonton tv, kebiasan konsumsi fa.s'U’oocL soda, jenis kelamin, pendidikan orangtua, pendapatan orangtua dan suku.Hasil penelitian menunjukan rata- rata IMT siswa adalah 22.28 kg/m2 i 5.09. Proporsi siswa yang overweight sebesar 4l.6%. Rana- rata asupan kalsium adalah sebesar 396 mg, asupan energi 1972 kalori. Hasil analisis multivariat bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara jenis keiamin, suku, persen energi dari karbohidrat dan persen energi dari Iemak. Variabel persen energi dari Iemak merupakan variabel yang paiing berpengaruh dengan IMT menurut umur.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disarankan kepada instansi kesehatan yang terkait umuk membuat program untuk mcncegah semakin banyaknya remaja yang mengalami gizi Iebih. Kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan misalnya mengadakan seminar tentang overweight dengan sasaran remaja. Untuk puskesmas, perlu kerja sama dengan sekolah dalam mengadakan penyuluhan yang berkesinambungan tentang masalah gizi. Untuk sekolah lebih memanfaatkan klinik yang ada disekolah dan melakukan pemantauan IMT pada awal dan akhir semester.

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Overweight has a global problem of public health in recent years. Overweight not only to occurred in industrial countries but now in developing countries too, especially in urban areal. Overweight in adolescent is directly associated with being overweight in adulthood. Adolescence, represents a second critical period for the development of overweight. Overweight present in adolescence increase the risk of degenerative disease later in life. For adolescence, Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age is used to screen for overweight, at risk of overweight, or underweight.

The relation between calcium intake and body weight still remains controversial. Some studies have reported of significant association between calcium intake and overweight. Suggested, people who is consume recommended amounts or more of calcium intake can prevent to be overweight.

The objective of this study was to findings status of nutrition, calcium intake and the others factor description which may be to influencing BMI in Al Azhar junior high school adolescence Rawamangun Jakana. This study was to form primer data analyze with observational quantitative approach. This study used cross-sectional design. Sample size was l25. Sample of this study was taken from students in both class of seven and class of eight with stratified random sampling from ten class offer there.. Dependent variable was BM] and independent variables were calcium intake, total energy, percent energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat, watching tv, fast-food consumption, soda consumption, sex, parents education degree, parents income and ethnic.

Results showed that average ot`BMl-for-age was 22.28 kg/m2 nt: 5.09. Propose from o students were 4 I .6%. An average of calcium intake was 396 mg, mean of energy intake was |972 kkal. Results from multivariate showed that there was not significantly relationship between calcium intake and BMI-for-age. There was significant relation between sex, ethnic, percent energy from tat and carbohydrate. Dominant variables of this study which was to influence BM l was percent energy from fat.

Based from results of study, suggested to health authority was made many program for decrease overweight of adolescence. To create seminar about overweight in adolescence example, was an activity which one to worked. For Puskesmas, collaborated with the school to create of information about problem nutrition through a routine was important. For the school, to maximized the clinic offer there and BMI monitoring on both the beginning and the end of semester."

"Osteoporosis merupakan penyakit yang ditandai dengan penurunan massa tulang, yang salah satu faktor penyebabnya kurang asupan kalsium yang dapat terjadi sejak remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui asupan kalsium dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan di SMPN 28 Jakarta. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Jumlah sampel 118 orang cara cluster sampling. Asupan kalsium diperoleh dengan FFQ-semi kuantitatif, data variabel independen didapat dari kuesioner, dan aktivitas fisik digunakan PAQ-C.Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada perbedaan asupan kalsium berdasarkan pengetahuan gizi dan kalsium (uji Kruskal Wallis), konsumsi susu dan konsumsi soft drink (uji Mann Whitney) dengan nilai p<0,005 tetapi tidak menunjukkan ada perbedaan asupan kalsium berdasarkan jenis kelamin, penghasilan orang tua, pendidikan orang tua, pekerjaan ibu, uang saku, dan kebiasaan sarapan. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara aktifitas fisik dan asupan kalsium.

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Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone mass, which is one of the contributing factors is low intake of calcium that can occur in teenager. This study aims to determine the calcium intake and associated factors in SMP 28 Jakarta. This research is quantitative with cross sectional design. Number of samples 118 cluster sampling method. Calcium intake obtained by semi-quantitative FFQ, the independent variable data obtained from the questionnaire, and physical activity used PAQ-C.

Results of the bivariate analysis showed no difference in calcium intake based on nutrition and calcium knowledge (Kruskal Wallis test), the milk consumption and soft drink consumption (Mann Whitney test) with p <0.005. There was no difference in calcium intake by gender, parents income, parents education, mother occupation, pocket money, and breakfast habits. There was no relationship between physical activity and calcium intake."

"An adequate calcium calcium is an important aspect in maternal and fetal psyciology during pregency. ...."

"During three months ,August 1991 until November 1991, the randomized clinical trial study was conducted to elucidate the effect of calcium supplementation on calcium metabolism to prevent bone loss ip postmenopausal women. Thirty four postmeno- pausal women age 55 to 65 years old from RN. 01, Panjunan village, Astanaanyar subdistrict, Bandung regency West Java who had undergone menopause at least five years since last menses were recruited to the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment (1000 mg calcium/day) and the control groups in a double blind designs.Thirty one subjects who remained in the study consist of sixteen treatment subjects and fifteen control subjects were included in the final data analysis. Baseline data of the study showed no a significant difference for all variables, therefore baseline data were homogenous. Based on two x 24 hours dietary recall methods all subjects had low dietary calcium intake (291.5l mg/ day and 289.32 mg/day).After treatment, based on the laboratory tests show that the serum calcium concentration was significantly increased in the treatment group (p<0.001) and was not significant difference (p=O.596) in the control group. Serum calcium was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the treatment and the control group. Parathyroid hormone level was significantly decreased in the treatment group (p<0.05) and was significantly increased in the control group (p<0.01). There was significant difference (p<0.00l) between the treatment and the control group. Bone loss of radius and ulna were determined by z-ray standard measurement were significantly reduced (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) after 1000 mg calcium supplementation. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in the treatment group and was significantly increased in the control group. There was significant difference (p<0.001) between the treatment and the control group. Urinary ca}cium creatinine ratio was not significantly increased (pI0.764 and p=0.0BB) and was not significant difference (p=0.067) in all subjects after treatment. This study support the hypothesis that calcium supplementation can maintain calcium balance, even improved bone density in postmenopausal women."

"Skripsi ini membahas gambaran konsumsi kalsium dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi kalsium pada remaja di SMP Negeri 201 Jakarta Barat Tahun 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kuantitatif observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional study.Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa konsumsi kalsium pada remaja masih kurang dari angka kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan, yaitu hanya 76% AKG, variabel yang menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan yaitu pengetahuan tentang kalsium dan pendapatan orangtua.Saran untuk Instansi Pendidikan agar meningkatkan pengetahuan gizi khususnya kalsium dengan menyisipkan materi tentang zat-zat gizi dalam mata pelajaran yang berhubungan atau melalui Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah (UKS); bagi Instansi Kesehatan dengan mengadakan penyuluhan gizi dan kesehatan ke sekolah-sekolah; bagi remaja dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan gizi dan mengkonsumsi kalsium terutama yang berasal dari produk non susu dan hasil olahnya."

"Tulang merupakan komposit kolagen dan mineral. Kolagen bersifat elastis bertindak sebagai matriks pada tulang. Adapun hidroksiapatit (HA) memiliki modulus elastis tinggi, bersifat rapuh, berikatan kimia dengan kolagen, memberi sifat kaku dan kuat pada tulang. Pembuatan biokomposit dengan fraksi volume kolagen dan orientasi serat matriks yang bervariasi akan dapat diproduksi suatu komposit ringan yang memiliki kekuatan tinggi dengan sifat anisotropi seperti tulang alami. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pembentukan komposit dengan komponen kalsium fosfat dan kolagen. Kolagen diisolasi dari beberapa sumber limbah antara lain; limbah ikan dan limbah ayam. Berdasarkan hasil uji protein kasar, FTIR, dan SEM menunjukkan bahwa limbah ayam memiliki potensi untuk menjadi sumber alternatif dari produksi kolagen. Metode iradiasi gelombang mikro pada sintesis kalsium fosfat, menghasilkan kemurnian hasil dengan ketepatan nilai parameter kisi bernilai diatas 99% untuk kedua variasi (sintering dan tanpa sintering). HA sintering memiliki indeks kristalinitas yang lebih tinggi dari tulang manusia (3.23>0.33). Namun, HA non-sintering memiliki indeks kristalinitas pada rentang indeks kristalinitas tulang manusia. Sintesis komposit apatit kolagen dengan metode presipitasi ek situ telah berhasil dilakukan. Berdasarkan karakteristik fisik yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa pada semua masa rasio komposit memperlihatkan deposisi kristal HA pada permukaan kolagen. Studi pendahuluan ini akan bermanfaat untuk studi pembentukan komposit kalsium fosfat/kolagen sebagai bioamterial.

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Bone is a composite of collagen and minerals. Collagen is an elastic material that acts as a matrix of bone. The hydroxyapatite (HA) has a high elastic modulus, and brittle. The combination chemically of collagen on HA gives a strong and rigid nature to the bone. The production of bio-composites with varying collagen volume fraction and matrix fiber orientation will produce a lightweight composite that has high strength with anisotropic properties such as natural bone. In this study, composites were formed with calcium phosphate and collagen components. Collagen was isolated from three sources of waste including; goramy fish scale, the cuticle of chicken feet and the inner layer of chicken gizzard.

Based on the crude protein analysis, FTIR, and SEM revealed that the inner layer of the chicken gizzard was potential to be an alternative source of collagen production. Microwave irradiation technique produced the purity of results with the accuracy of the lattice parameter above 99% for both variations (sintering and without sintering). Sintered HA had a higher crystallinity index than the human bone (3.23 > 0.33). But, the unsintered HA had the crystallinity index at the range of human bone`s crystallinity index.

The synthesis of apatite collagen composite with precipitation method was successfully carried out. The SEM examination showed the deposition of apatite crystals on the surface of collagen. Based on the all physical characterization revealed that all of the ratio mass of the composites the heterogenous strongly adhered throughout the collagen surface. The preliminary study will be beneficial for leading the formation of composites of collagen/HA as biomaterials."

"The preparation and characterization of macro alginate beads are always associated with appropriate techniques involving precise measurement of shape, size, volume and density of the products. Depending on the type of application, encapsulation of macro alginate beads can be accomplished by various techniques including chemical, ionotropic, physical and mechanical methods. This work describes a method for preparing macro alginate beads through drop weight. The macro beads (2.85–3.85 mm) were prepared via different concentrations of alginate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L), dripping tip size (0.04–0.14 cm) and immersion into a predetermined concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) bath. A custom made dripping vessel fabricated from acrylic plastic, connected to an adjustable dripping clamp was used to simulate the dripping process of the molten alginate at different tip sizes. It was observed that at different dripping tips, the correction factor for the alginate slurry was found in the range of 0.73–0.83. Meanwhile, the lost factor, KLF was observed at 0.93–2.3 and the shrinkage factors were limited to 2.00% from the overall distributed data. It was concluded that liquid properties had no effect on the liquid lost factor. The bead size prediction for different concentrations of alginate solution was compared to the experimental data. Subsequently, it was concluded that increasing the tip size caused the bead size to deviate almost 20% when compared to the experimental and predicted values, respectively."