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"Sumberdaya terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah lama dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat setempat untuk berbagai keperluan. Pada saat ini sebagian masyarakat Pulau Tidung menggantungkan hidupnya sebagai penyedia jasa kegiatan wisata yang sebelumnya berprofesi sebagai nelayan. Adanya kegiatan wisata di Pulau Tidung yang tanpa terkendali yang memanfaatkan keindahan karang dapat berdampak terjadinya penurunan kualitas terumbu karang di sekitarnya. Metode pengamatan untuk mengamati tingkat kerusakan karang adalah Line Intercept Transect dan faktor lingkungan diamati dengan pengukuran berbagai parameter lingkungan perairan secara langsung di lapangan. Aspek sosial ekonomi dan pengelolaan dikaji dari berbagai peraturan yang telah ada dan wawancara secara mendalam dengan penduduk setempat dan wisatawan. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kondisi kerusakan terumbu karang dan faktor penyebabnya baik faktor antropogenik maupun non-antropogenik serta pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung. Beberapa faktor yang diamati yaitu kondisi perairan, kondisi terumbu karang, aspek sosial masyarakat dan kebijakan pengelolaan terumbu karang. Kondisi perairan meliputi suhu, kecerahan, kecepatan arus, pH, salinitas, fosfat dan nitrat. Kondisi karang meliputi persentase tutupan karang, indeks keanekaragaman, dan indeks dominasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama bulan Juni – Agustus 2011. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung dalam kondisi rusak - sedang dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup antara 21,41% – 30,19%. Indeks keanekaragaman tutupan berkisar antara 2,0423 – 2,1495 dan indeks dominasi tutupan berkisar antara 0,1433 – 0,1466, nilai tersebut memperlihatkan adanya keanekaragaman dan tekanan lingkungan yang sedang, dan tidak adanya dominasi tutupan karang tertentu. Parameter kualitas air laut memperlihatkan masih dalam ambang batas normal untuk kehidupan karang. Faktor antropogenik berupa kegiatan pariwisata, penambangan karang, pengeboman dan pengoperasian kapal di daerah terumbu karang diduga berperan terhadap kerusakan karang di Pulau Tidung. Pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah diatur melalui beberapa peraturan baik secara nasional maupun oleh pemerintah setempat, namun pelaksanaannya belum optimal sehingga diperlukan implementasi kebijakan yang lebih baik dengan menerapkan program kesadaran masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan peran masyarakat secara aktif dalam mengelola sumberdaya laut. ......Coral reef resources in Tidung Island has been used by local people for various purposes. At this time most of local people working as a travel provider or tourist guide. The existence of tourist activities in Tidung Island that utilizes the exotic of coral reefs affect the condition of coral reefs in this area. Observation method to observe the level of coral damage is Line Intercept Transect and environmental factors observed by measuring several water quality parameters. Socio-economic and management aspects examined from existing regulations and interviews with local people and tourists. The aim of this study is to discuss the coral condition and the causes of coral degradation including anthropogenic factors, non-anthropogenic and management of coral reefs in Tidung Island, Seribu Islands, north off Jakarta. Several factors were observed, namely the condition of waters, coral reefs, and social aspects and management. Water conditions include temperature, brightness, speed of flow, pH, salinity, phosphate and nitrate, and the condition of coral include life form percentage, index of diversity, and dominance index. The research was conducted during June to August 2011. The results show that the condition of coral reefs in Tidung Island was categorised bad condition to moderate with the percentage of life form ranges between 21.41% - 30.19%. Index of diversity ranged from 2.0423 to 2.1495 and dominance index ranged between 0.1433 to 0.1466. These showed ​​that the level of diversity and environmental pressures are medium, and has no a spesific type of coral cover that dominates in coral reefs. Water quality parameters are still within normal limits for coral life. Anthropogenic factors such as tourism, mining coral, destructive fishing (bombings) and the operation of ships in coral reef are thought to contribute to destruction of coral reef in Tidung Island. Management of coral reefs in Tidung Island has been governed by several regulations by both national and local government, but the implementation has not been optimized so the implementation of better policies by implementing public awareness programs, law enforcement and community participation in managing marine resources is needed."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pengaturan perlindungan terumbu karang dalam hukum internasional. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini membahas mengenai kondisi terumbu karang di dunia dan pengaturan perlindungan terumbu karang menurut konvensikonvensi internasional. Akan dibahas pula mengenai empat kerjasama regional yang dibentuk oleh negara-negara yang peduli terhadap eksistensi terumbu karang. Pada akhir pembahasan, akan diulas mengenai perlindungan terumbu karang di Indonesia dan keikutsertaan Indonesia pada CTI-CFF dalam rangka melindungi terumbu karang di wilayah Indonesia. Pada akhir skripsi ini, terdapat tiga simpulan dan tiga saran yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan terhadap terumbu karang.

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This thesis discusses the protection of coral reefs in the regulation of international law. The research method in this thesis is a normative juridical study. The discussion in this thesis to discuss the condition of the world's coral reefs and coral reef protection regulation according to international conventions. Will be also discusses four regional cooperation formed by the countries concerned with the existence of coral reefs. At the end of the discussion, review the protection of coral reefs in Indonesia and Indonesia's participation in the CTI-CFF in order to protect the coral reefs in areas of Indonesia. At the end of this thesis, there are three conclusions and three suggestions relating to the protection of coral reefs."

"Coral reefs are the 'rain forests' of the ocean, containing the highest diversity of marine organisms and facing the greatest threats from humans. As shallow-water coastal habitats, they support a wide range of economically and culturally important activities, from fishing to tourism. Their accessibility makes reefs vulnerable to local threats that include over-fishing, pollution and physical damage. Reefs also face global problems, such as climate change, which may be responsible for recent widespread coral mortality and increased frequency of hurricane damage. This book, first published in 2006, summarises the state of knowledge about the status of reefs, the problems they face, and potential solutions. The topics considered range from concerns about extinction of coral reef species to economic and social issues affecting the well-being of people who depend on reefs. The result is a multi-disciplinary perspective on problems and solutions to the coral reef crisis."

"ABSTRACTProviding accurate information on suitable multispectral satellite sensors for mapping coral reefs in Indonesia is a challenge for coastal remote-sensing experts. As coral reefs vary in spatial extent, shape, length, perimeter and/or distance to shore, the mapping of coral reefs will need different satellite sensors depending on the objectives and the kind of information required. This work compares the suitability of two kinds of multispectral satellite sensors for mapping coral reefs in Indonesia, high and moderate spatial resolution. This was done through a case study of Wakatobi Marine National Park since that represents many types of coral reef in Indonesia (fringing, barrier, atoll, and patch). Indonesian coral reef shapefile data 2010 was downloaded from UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) website, and Landsat 7 ETM + images, path/row 112/064 was used to determine the terrestrial area of Wakatobi Islands. Both high and moderate spatial resolution sensors are suitable for mapping the benthic communities and geomorphic zones on coral reefs. The former are more accurate but they are also much less cost-effective, especially over large areas."

"Indonesia is a centre of global marine bio-resources, particularly on its coral reefs ecosystem. Besides its physical ftmction, coral reefs also provide an aestheticfunction. This beauty of these reefs pioneered the ornamental fish hobbyists to keep the corals and marine iish in their own aquarium tank. Marine ornamental fish trade from Indonesia to the world had started around the early of '80s and stillcontinues to improve until today. Sustainable utilization plan in order to reduce the exploitation pressure on the reefs, particularly for aquarium industry, is done through coral captivity or known as coral culture. However, since thecommencement of this activity there has been no research yet which can explain on the gap between the action regulation on coral culture for the aquarium industry and its implementation in fields."

"ABSTRACTBangka Island is well known as the world's largest tin producer. The inland and offshore tin mining has profound effects on the coastal environment, resulting in the high sedimentation in the water. Many corals suffered physiological damage due to low light intensity. The distribution of stony corals and the status of coral reefs was surveyed at 6 sites in West Bangka waters in October 2012. A total of 72 species of corals belonging to 33 genera and 12 families were found, and 4 species were distributed at all research sites. The live coral coverage was 36% on average and was categorized as being in fair condition. The coverage was 0% at Kamboja Island where the corals were the most affected by tin mining. The sediment flowed out from tin mining, blocked the light, and settled on the coral's surface. Consequently, many corals were buried and the live corals decreased. It is obviously necessary to reduce and control the tin mining."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai pertanggungjawaban bagi para pihak yang terlibat dalam kerusakan terumbu karang akibat kandasnya kapal pesiar MS Caledonian Sky di Raja Ampat, Indonesia, yang terjadi pada tahun 2017 silam. Hingga saat ini, kasus kandasnya MS Caledonian Sky yang merusak terumbu karang di perairan Indonesia tersebut masih belum membuahkan penyelesaian. Tulisan ini menjabarkan bentuk-bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang tersedia dalam hal terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan hidup terumbu karang di kawasan perairan sensitif, yang diatur dalam berbagai sumber hukum internasional prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional, konvensi, dan perjanjian regional, di mana penerapannya dapat dilihat berdasarkan praktik negara-negara states practices seperti Australia, dan Filipina, melalui kebijakan serta instrumen hukum nasional yang diberlakukan terhadap kawasan perairan sensitif yang mengandung terumbu karang pada yurisdiksi nasional mereka. Selanjutnya, tulisan ini juga menganalisa harmonisasi antara ketentuan hukum internasional yang tersedia dengan ketentuan hukum nasional Indonesia sehubungan dengan pertanggungjawaban yang akhirnya relevan bagi penyelesaian kasus MS Caledonian Sky. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini ialah penelitian yuridis normatif. Pada akhir pembahasan, termuat tiga simpulan dan tiga saran yang berkaitan dengan bentuk-bentuk pertanggungjawaban atas kerusakan kawasan terumbu karang oleh kapal dalam kaitannya dengan kasus MS Caledonian Sky.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the liabilities for the parties responsible in coral reefs damage due to the grounding of cruiseship MS Caledonian Sky in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, which occurred in 2017. Up until now, the MS Caledonian Sky grounding accident remains unsolved. This writing describes the form of liabilities available for coral reefs damage that occurs in sensitive sea areas containing coral reefs habitat, which are regulated under sources of international law the principles of international law, conventions and regional agreements, and the implementation of which can be seen in states practices such as Australia, and the Philippines, through their national legal instruments and governing policy for sensitive sea areas containing coral reefs within their national jurisdictions. Furthermore, this paper as well analyzes the harmonization between the provisions of international law available with the provisions of Indonesian law that are relevant for the case of MS Caledonian Sky for the parties involved to be held accountable. In this thesis, the research method being used is the normative juridical type. At the end of this thesis, there are three conclusions and three suggestions concerning the form of liabilities for coral reefs damage by vessels which applicable to the MS Caledonian Sky grounding accident. "