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"The tradition in sociology which trying to distinguish natural sciences from social sciences have made the discussion of nature are excluded from the subject of sociology. Afterward this trend is criticized by most of sociologist. The sociologist believe that the tradition has hampered sociologists from understanding environmental problems. This group of sociologists believes that is extremely important to include non-social (natural) factors as variables in sociological analysis in order to allow the discipline to solve environmental problems. However, some of sociologist are against this attempt and explain that even though sociology does not include non-social factors in the analysis; sociology, as a discipline, has given its attention to the awareness in environmental problems and emphasized numerous studies that give sufficient contribution to the environment. Thus, in its effort to solve the environmental problems, sociology gives 2 (two) different answers which are represented in 2 (two) different perspectives. The two perspectives have made sociology capable of giving important contribution in both understanding and solving existing environmental problems faced by different societies in the world. These two perspectives, with its own capability, has given a meaningful contribution."

"In the popular imagination, Caribbean islands represent tropical paradise. This image underlies the efforts of many environmentalists to protect Caribbean coral reefs, mangroves, and rainforests. Much less attention is given to environmental conditions in urban areas, where the islands poorer citizens suffer from exposure to garbage, untreated sewage, and air pollution. Concrete Jungles explores why these issues tend to be ignored, demonstrating how mainstream environmentalism reflects and reproduces class and race inequalities. Based on over a decade of research in Kingston, Jamaica, and Willemstad, Curaçao, the book contrasts the uptown environmentalism of largely middle-class professionals with the downtown environmentalism of inner-city residents. It combines an original and sophisticated theoretical discussion of the politics of difference with rich ethnographic detail, including vivid depictions of Caribbean ghettos and elite enclaves. The book presents a novel approach to environmental injustice, combining a political economy perspective with attention to the cultural politics that naturalize socio-ecological inequalities. One of the first works to extend environmental anthropological theory to explicitly include the study of cities, the book shows how divergent forms of environmentalism articulate class, race, and urban space. Forms of environmentalism that implicitly or explicitly understand cities as opposed to nature, and poor people as a threat to environmental purity, contribute to urban naturalisms that naturalize social hierarchies and the unequal distribution of environmental problems."