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"Markus dan Kitayama (1991) mengklaim bahwa self-construal merupakan konsep yang paling tepat digunakan untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu. Di sisi lain, Triandis (1995) menyatakan bahwa individualisme-kolektivisme merupakan konsep yang paling tepat digunakan untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu. Sampai saat ini masih terjadi perdebatan di antara Para ahli untuk mengetahui dan menemukan penjelasan pasti, mana dari antara kedua konsep tersebut yang paling tepat digunakan untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk menguji kekuatan kedua konsep tersebut dalam menjelaskan perilaku individu, yang dalam penelitian ini akan diuji pada kasus memilih pasangan pada kelompok etnik Batak. Selain menggunakan self-construal dan individualisme-kolektivisme, peneliti juga menggunakan identitas etnik sebagai variabel penelitian. Hipotesis yang diajukan adalah (1) Self-construal, individualisme-kolektivisme, dan identitas etnik mempengaruhi kecenderungan individu dalam memilih pasangan; (2) self-construal memiliki pengaruh dan daya prediksi paling besar dibandingkan individualisme-kolektivisme, dalam menjelaskan kecenderungan individu ketika memilih pasangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesesuaian dengan hipotesis yang diajukan. Selanjutnya, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara self-construal laki-laki dengan selfconstrual perempuan."

"The book explains how multi-generational Australian-born Chinese (ABC) negotiate the balance of two cultures. It explores both the philosophical and theoretical levels, focusing on deconstructing and re-evaluating the concept of ?Chineseness.? At a social and experiential level, it concentrates on how successive generations of early migrants experience, negotiate and express their Chinese identity. This study reveals a contrasting picture of ethnic identification."

"In 1511, a Portuguese expedition under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque arrived on the shores of Malacca, taking control of the prosperous Malayan port-city after a swift military campaign. Portugal, a peripheral but then technologically advanced country in southwestern Europe since the latter fifteenth century, had been in the process of establishing solid outposts all along Asia’s litoral in order to participate in the most active and profitable maritime trading routes of the day. As it turned out, the Portuguese presence and influence in the Malayan Peninsula and elsewhere in continental and insular Asia expanded far beyond the sphere of commerce and extended over time well into the twenty-first century."

"This qualitative study was designed to explore the definition of ethnic identity of the Dusuns in Brunei Darussalam from the perspective of Shamsul A.B.'s (1996) 'everyday-defined' social reality. The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, by employing Phinney's (1996) formulation of ethnic identity, this study examined the existence of core components of ethnic identity, namely, ethnic self-identification, ethnic involvement, positive attitude towards ethnic group, and sense of belonging in the life of the Dusuns. Secondly, by utilizing Phinney's (1996) three-stage model of ethnic identity formation, this study investigated the relationship between core components and the formation process of ethnic identity. Twenty-six Dusun informants ranging in age from 8 to 80 years old were interviewed for the purpose of this study. The analysis of the interview data revealed that all core components exist and evolve in the life of the Dusuns. Different perspectives towards core components can also be identified across different age groups. Adult informants contested the relevance of ethnic involvement in view of socio-cultural transformations that occurred within the ethnic group, whereas younger Dusuns were not able to extend sense of belonging outside their family. These findings lead to the identification of family and historical contexts as influential factors that shape the ways the informants experienced the ethnic identity components. Further, the findings of this study indicate the relationship between core components and the formation process of ethnic identity. Sense of belonging and community is only evident in the experience of older informants, sufficient to help them reach the stage of achieving ethnic identity. This also shows a positive sequential relation between the stages in Phinney's ethnic identity model and the age of the informants. Interestingly, evidence on internalized sense of belonging reveals the fact that an individual could still attain ethnic identity achievement even without experiencing all components of ethnic identity. Once again, this study suggests contextual factors play a role in the stage progression of the Dusuns ethnic identity."

"This paper deals with the regional partition which do not always take place due to the considerations as commonly stated in official explanations, and also it does not like the outcome of the scientific analysis on the interests of local elites in efforts to devide regions for seizing local power in the new regions. In addition, this paper also shows that ethnic politics is often interwined with the region partitions. The local elite politically quite often to put forward ethnicity and identity loyalties as a political resources for demanding the regional division. Ethnic identity and the usage of collective ethnic identity as a never lasting prime mover. These can be politically seen from ethnic Pakpak behaviors in encountering ethnic Batak Toba in their own territory regarding the establishment of Great Pakpak province."

"Sejumlah literatur menunjukkan, bahwa pada komunitas bilingual atau multilingual dimungkinkan terjadinya kontak bahasa. Penggunaan salah satu bahasa akan berkaitan dengan tindak identitas. Di samping itu, salah satu cara mendefinisikan identitas etnik seringkali dapat dilihat pada kesetiaan memelihara bahasa minoritas dan bahasa daerah nonstandard. Tulisan ini mempelajari penggunaan bahasa Betawi dalam tindak komunikasi orang Betawi di Condet Bale Kambang, Jakarta Timur. Penelitian dengan pendekatan etnografi komunikasi dan metode pengamatan terlibat, wawancara, serta perekaman ini ingin melihat bagaimana penggunaan bahasa Betawi dalam komunikasi sehari-hari dalam sejumlah speech event yang terjadi di masyarakat Condet Bale Kambang. Tindak komunikasi yang melibatkan partisipan dari berbagai kelompok umur akan dilihat pada tiga ranah, yaitu keluarga, keagamaan, dan pertemanan. Sejumlah peristiwa tutur pada tiga ranah dianalisis berdasarkan komponen-komponen komunikasi, termasuk di dalamnya analisis alih kode, fenomena generik pada masyarakat multilingual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada ranah keluarga pada umumnya bahasa Betawi masih sangat komunikatif. Pada ranah keagamaan, bahasa Betawi digunakan untuk menginterpretasikan pembahasan yang umumnya berbahasa Melayu Tinggi. Sedangkan pada ranah pertemanan, bahasa Betawi pun masih komunikatif. Sebagai salah satu kantong masyarakat Betawi, ternyata orang-orang Condet masih mampu menjaga. keberlangsungan pemakaian bahasa ibunya. Dengan demikian, mereka tetap dapat dilihat identitas etniknya dari tindak komunikasi."

"Ethnic identity, social life, and religion of Batak people in Indonesia."

"Issues of integration, multiculturalism and policies of ethnic and religious minority rights have gained greatly in significance in recent years, especially in relation to Muslims. This book deals with the Muslim minority in New Zealand, with special emphasis on policy aspects relevant to the integration of Muslims in the host society. The book also discusses many other issues, among which are Muslim political representation, inner coherence of the Muslim community, effects of public policies, differentiated citizenship, gender issues and gender equality, and points of friction with the encapsulating host society, including the effects of sharia application, radicalism and the fallout of the Danish cartoon affair."