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"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap kukang sumatra (Nycticebus coucang Boddaert, 1785) jantan di Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku reproduksi pasangan kukang sumatra yang ditekankan pada perilaku reproduksi jantan terhadap betina pasangannya sepanjang siklus etrus betina. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap dua kukang sumatra jantan dewasa (Onyu dan Timun) dari dua pasang kukang sumatra. Pengambilan data perilaku reproduksi kukang sumatra jantan terhadap betina pasangannya menggunakan metode all occurrences sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Penelitian dilakukan setiap hari dalam satu pekan dengan waktu pengambilan data mulai dari pukul 19.00--03.00 WIB selama 44 hari mulai dari bulan Oktober hingga November 2018. Perilaku reproduksi kukang sumatra jantan yang diteliti meliputi tiga kategori perilaku, yaitu atraktivitas (following dan whistle-calls), proseptivitas (urine-marks sniffing, genital sniffing, genital licking), dan reseptivitas (inverted embrace, mounting, copulation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Onyu (jantan 1) dari pasangan kukang 1 hanya melakukan perilaku following (100%), sedangkan Timun (jantan 2) dari pasangan kukang 2 hampir menunjukkan semua perilaku reproduksi, kecuali perilaku kopulasi. Persentase perilaku reproduksi yang dilakukan, yaitu perilaku following (40,20%).

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Research has been carried out on male sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang Boddaert, 1785) at Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Bogor. The research aims to determine the reproductive behavior of the sunda slow lorises which are emphasized on male reproductive behavior throughout the female etrus cycle. The research was conducted on two adults male sunda slow lorises (Onyu and Timun) from two pairs of sunda slow lorises. Data on reproductive behavior of male sunda slow lorises were taken using the all occurrences sampling method and ad libitum sampling.

Data has been taken every day from 07:00 pm to 03:00 am for 44 days starting from October to November 2018. The reproductive behavior of male sunda slow lorises studied included three behavioral categories, that are attractivity (following and whistle-calls), proseptivity (urine-marks sniffing, genital sniffing, genital licking), and receptivity (inverted embrace, mounting, copulation).

The results showed that Onyu (male 1) of first pair only carried out the following behavior (100%), while Timun (male 2) of second pair showed almost all reproductive behavior, except for copulation behavior. Percentage of reproductive behavior, that are following (40.20%), whistle-calls (9.80%), urine-marks sniffing (5,88%), genital sniffing (0,98%), genital sniffing (14,71%), inverted embrace (18,63%), and mounting (9,80%)."

"Pengamatan terhadap perilaku reproduksi dan profil Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide (PdG) Kukang Sumatra (Nycticebus coucang) Betina di Penangkaran, telah dilakukan selama tiga bulan di Pusat Studi Satwa Primata, LPPM-IPB dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Imunologi Pusat Studi Satwa Primata Bogor, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku harian N. coucang yang difokuskan pada pengamatan perilaku reproduksi dan pengukuran kadar hormon metabolit Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide (PdG) pada feses N. coucang. Dari pengamatan, kami mendapati perilaku reproduksi berupa jantan mengendus (sniffing) dan menjilat (licking) bagian genital betina. Hingga waktu pengamatan berakhir, tidak teramati terjadinya kopulasi. Kadar hormon PdG pada kandang no. 2 berkisar dari 20,85±5569,11pg/ml sampai 19995,81±11061,7 pg/ml, sedangkan kadar hormon PdG pada kandang no. 5 berkisar dari 504,97±936,67 pg/ml sampai 18168,68±12556,1 pg/ml.

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Observation of reproductive behavior and profile of Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide (PdG) in captive housed female sumatran slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) has been conducted for three months at Pusat Studi Satwa Primata, LPPM-IPB and Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Imunologi Pusat Studi Satwa Primata Bogor, Institut Pertanian Bogor. The study aims to determine the daily behavior of N. coucang focusing on the observation of the reproductive behavior and measurement on the levels of the hormone metabolites Pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) in feces of N. coucang.

From the observation, reproductive behavior such as sniffing and licking of female genital parts by male N. coucang were observed. Until the end of the observation time, copulation is not observed. PdG hormone levels in the enclosure no. 2 is range from 20.85 ± 5569,11pg/ml to 19995.81 ± 11061.7 pg/ml, while PdG hormone levels in the enclosure no. 5 is range from 504.97 ± 936.67 pg/ml to 18168.68 ± 12556.1 pg/ml."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi pengunjung yang ditekankan pada aktivitas, kepadatan, dan kebisingan pengunjung terhadap perilaku lutung jawa Trachypithecus auratus di, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama 15.600 menit selama periode Februari 2017--April 2017 dari pukul 08.00--15.30 WIB. Metode scan sampling digunakan untuk mencatat perilaku 1 ekor lutung jawa jantan dewasa dan 2 ekor lutung jawa betina dewasa dalam interval waktu 5 menit tanpa jeda. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Taman Margasatwa Ragunan memberikan dampak positif terhadap perilaku lutung jawa dikarenakan tingginya persentase perilaku sosial afiliatif dibandingkan perilaku sosial agresif dan adanya interaksi lutung jawa terhadap kehadiran pengunjung. Hasil penelitian menggunakan uji Chi-square meliputi kepadatan, kebisingan, dan aktivitas pengunjung di antaranya 0,111; 0,077; dan 0,081 P > 0,05 menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh antara perilaku dan kehadiran pengunjung terhadap aktivitas harian lutung jawa. Persentase rerata perilaku reproduksi tertinggi jantan terhadap betina 1 dan 2 adalah proseptivitas masing-masing 0,07 0,10 dan 0,03 0,05. Persentase rerata perilaku reproduksi terendah jantan terhadap betina 1 dan 2 adalah reseptivitas masing-masing 0,005 0,01 dan 0,008 0,02. ABSTRACTName Rizkyana Novita Sari Study Program Biology Title The Influence of Visitor Interactions on Javan Langur Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812 Behavior in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Research has been conducted to know the effect of visitor interaction that is emphasized on activity, density, and visitor noise on javan langur Trachypithecus auratus behavior in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. The study was conducted for 15,600 minutes in February 2017 April 2017 from 08 00 a.m. to 15 30 p.m. The scan sampling method is used to record 1 adult male javan langur and 2 adult female juvenile within 5 minute intervals without interlude. The results show that Taman Margasatwa Ragunan has a positive impact on the behavior of javan langur because of the high percentage of affiliative social behavior rather than aggressive social behavior and the interaction of javan langur to the presence of visitors. The results of the research using Chi square test include density, noise, and visitor activity of 0.111 0.077 And 0,081 P 0,05 showed no influence between behavior and presence of visitor to daily activity of javan langur.The highest mean percentage of male reproductive behavior toward both females is proceptivity and the lowest is receptivity. The highest percentage of reproductive behavior of males to females 1 and 2 is the proceptivity 0.07 0.10 and 0.03 0.05 . The mean percentage of male 39 s lowest reproductive behavior toward females 1 and 2 is the receptivity of each 0,005 0,01 and 0,008 0,02 ."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku sosial dan reproduksi bekantan Nasalis larvatus (van Wurmb, 1787) di Taman Safari Bogor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi interaksi sosial antara bekantan jantan dengan betina dan antarindividu bekantan betina, serta mengevaluasi perilaku reproduksi pada jantan dan betina. Metode pengamatan yang digunakan yaitu scan sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan interval waktu 15 (lima belas) menit tanpa jeda. Waktu pengamatan dalam satu hari yaitu selama 6 jam dan dilaksanakan selama empat pekan pada bulan November 2019. Subjek yang diamati dalam penelitian yaitu satu individu bekantan jantan dewasa berusia 20 tahun (J) dan dua individu bekantan betina dewasa berusia 14 tahun (B1) dan 11 tahun (B2) yang ditempatkan bersama di dalam kandang kaca. Perilaku sosial yang terjadi di antara individu bekantan menunjukkan tingginya perilaku afiliatif (rerata 99,28%) dan rendahnya perilaku agresi (rerata 0,72%). Perilaku reproduksi dilakukan oleh kedua pasangan bekantan jantan dan betina dengan total perilaku reproduksi antara J dengan B1 lebih tinggi (37 interaksi) dibanding antara J dengan B2 (5 interaksi). Berdasarkan uji t yang dilakukan dengan nilai α = 0,05, total perilaku reproduksi kedua pasangan berbeda secara signifikan dengan nilai P < 0,05. Kedua pasangan bekantan memiliki total tiga individu anak sehingga pengamatan terhadap perilaku pengasuhan dan interaksi antarindividu anak bekantan juga dilakukan secara ad libitum. Kedua individu betina melakukan perilaku pengasuhan menggendong, menyusui, social grooming, kontak tubuh, bermain, dan allomothering. Peran induk jantan dalam pengasuhan yaitu membangun kedekatan dengan kedua induk betina dan melakukan perilaku melindungi anggota kelompok. Interaksi yang dilakukan antarindividu anak bekantan yaitu kontak tubuh, bermain, dan social grooming.

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ABSTRACT

The research on social and reproductive behaviours of proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus (van Wurmb, 1787) at Taman Safari Bogor has been done. The purposes of the research are to evaluate social interactions between male and female proboscis monkeys, and between the females, and to evaluate reproductive behaviours in males and females. Observation methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum sampling with fifteen minutes intervals without pause. The observation time was 6 hours per day and was done for four weeks in November 2019. Subjects observed in the study were one adult male aged 20 years (J) and two adult females aged 14 years (B1) and 11 years (B2) in a glass cage. Social behaviours indicates high affiliative behaviours (average 99,28%) and low aggressive behaviours (average 0,72%). Reproductive behaviours carried out by both pairs and the higher number of reproductive behaviours happened between J and B1 (37 interactions) than J and B2 (5 interactions). Based on the t-test, the number of reproductive behaviours of the pairs significantly different with the value of P < 0,05. Both pairs of proboscis monkeys have total three children, so observations of parenting behaviours (parental care) and interactions between the child also carried out with ad libitum method. Both adult females carried out parenting behaviours consist of carrying, breastfeeding, social grooming, body contact, social playing, and allomothering. The male established closeness with both females and performed protective behaviours for the group members as his contribution to parenting behaviours. The interactions carried out between the children were body contact, social playing, and social grooming."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai respons orangutan (Pongo abelii) betina bunting dan betina dengan anak terhadap jantan berdasarkan perilaku reproduksinya di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi respons orangutan betina bunting dan betina yang memiliki anak terhadap jantan, serta mengetahui perilaku harian pada orangutan betina bunting dan betina dengan anak di kawasan konservasi ex-situ Taman Safari Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua orangutan sumatra (Pongo abelii) betina matang kelamin, yaitu B1 memiliki anak berumur 4 tahun dan B2 sedang bunting 6 bulan. Pengamatan perilaku harian menggunakan focal instantaneous sampling dengan time point 5 menit dan pengamatan perilaku reproduksi menggunakan metode adlibitum. Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi perilaku harian. Perilaku harian menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi (P=0,000). Perilaku makan merupakan proporsi tertinggi pada kedua betina. B1 memiliki proporsi makan, bergerak dan sosial yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan B2 memiliki proporsi istirahat yang lebih tinggi. Respons kedua betina terhadap jantan terlihat melalui perilaku atraktivitas, proseptivitas dan resptivitas dengan proporsi yang berbeda (P=0,000). Kedua betina menunjukkan proporsi reseptivitas tertinggi pada perilaku reproduksi, tetapi berdasarkan durasi, reseptivitas B1 lebih rendah dibandingkan B2. Respon B1 terhadap jantan memiliki proporsi yang rendah karena adanya intervensi oleh anaknya. Orangutan B2 teramati menunjukkan perilaku sangat proaktif terhadap jantan dan tidak ada gangguan dari keberadaan betina lain di dalam kandang yang sama.

A study of responses of pregnant and female with the child to males in Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) based on reproductive behavior has been conducted in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The aim is evaluating responses of pregnant and the female with a child to males, as well as find out their daily activities under the ex-situ area in Taman Safari Bogor. The subjects are female with a child (4-years old) (B1) and pregnant female (6-months) (B2). The daily activities were observed every 5 minutes by focal instantaneous sampling, whereas reproductive behavior by ad libitum for 5.5 hours a day from October to November 2019. The observation got 8.580 minutes of daily activities and 4.290 minutes of reproductive behavior. The result presented different proportions of the daily activities of both females. Feeding is the highest proportion of their daily activities. The pregnant female (B2) had a higher resting proportion, whereas females with child (B1) had higher proportions of feeding; moving; also socializing. Reproductive behavior presented a different proportion too (P=0,000). Female B1 and B2 have the highest receptivity in reproduction activities, yet based on the duration, B1 receptivity lower than B2. Respons B1 to males was interference by the child. Female B2 has the most proceptivity and not disruption by another female in the same cage."

"Orangutan dalam pusat rehabilitasi diketahui mulai menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi pada usia lebih muda dibandingkan dengan orangutan di alam liar. Nutrisi, perkandangan, dan kemampuan imitating dapat menjadi penyebab kemunculan perilaku reproduksi pada orangutan remaja yang dianggap belum matang kelamin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kemunculan perilaku reproduksi orangutan borneo, Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) jelang usia matang kelamin pada kandang orangutan kandidat rilis di Pusat Rehabilitasi Sintang Orangutan Center. Subjek pengamatan merupakan orangutan kandidat rilis dengan kelas usia remaja, menggunakan 2 metode yaitu scan sampling untuk mengamati perilaku sosial dan metode focal animal sampling untuk mengamati perilaku reproduksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian 2 dari 6 individu sebagai subjek utama sudah menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi seperti genital checking, genital sniffing, genital touching, genital licking, mounting, dan masturbating. Kedua individu tersebut melakukan perilaku reproduksi sampai pada tahap kopulasi terhadap salah satu individu betina yang merupakan subjek sekunder. Pembelajaran dan imitating orangutan dewasa yang berada dalam satu kelompok sosial dengan kedua individu tersebut dianggap sebagai salah satu penyebab kemunculan perilaku reproduksi pada kedua individu tersebut.

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Orangutan in the rehabilitation center has been known to exhibit reproductive behavior in the earlier age than the wild orangutan. Nutrition intake, captivity factor, and their imitating abilities may cause possibility of the immature orangutan in the term age and puberty occurrence, to unveil their reproductive behavior. The objective of this research is to identify the orangutan borneo, Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) reproductive behavior emergence during their puberty period, in The Rehabilitation Sintang Orangutan Center. The observation subject in this research is release candidate adolescent orangutans, taken using 2 methods: scan sampling and focal animal sampling. Scan sampling method is used to observe social behavior and focal animal sampling is used to observe reproductive behavior. From the total 6 of the main observation subjects, 2 of them has already shown reproductive behavior such as genital checking, genital sniffing, genital touching, genital licking, mounting, and masturbating. Copulation occurs in both of them against one of female secondary subject. It is suspected that the emergency of reproductive behavior for these 2 subjects is mainly caused by the learning and imitating process happened on adult social group they joined in."

"Harimau sumatra merupakan salah satu spesies endemik Indonesia yang keberadaannya terancam punah (critically endangered) menurut IUCN sehingga diperlukan upaya konservasi. Konservasi harimau sumatra dilakukan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) beserta IUCN melalui program GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) yang dilakukan secara collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding dilakukan dengan memasangkan betina asal TMR dengan jantan hasil pertukaran dengan Medan Zoo untuk mencegah inbreeding. Pemasangan harimau harus melalui proses introduksi dan interaksi keduanya perlu diamati. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan terhadap pasangan harimau sumatra untuk menganalisis perilaku sosial yang terjadi antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mungkin mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi. Metode scan sampling dan ad libitum digunakan dalam penelitian selama tiga jam perhari dengan total pengulangan sebanyak 23 kali dari Januari hingga Maret 2024. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengamati perilaku sosial dan reproduksi harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di kandang dalam Zona Harimau 1 Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didominasi oleh perilaku sosial berupa perilaku saling mendekati (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Perilaku chuffing, head rubbing dan sniffing lebih sering dilakukan kedua harimau sumatra dibandingkan dengan perilaku growl dan aggression. Jantan dan betina juga melakukan perilaku reproduksi, yaitu flehmen, sedangkan mating call dan sniffing genitalia hanya dilakukan oleh jantan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perilaku sosial harimau sumatra yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi, yaitu perilaku chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen dan sniffing genitalia.

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The sumatran tiger is one of Indonesia's endemic species that is critically endangered according to the IUCN so that conservation efforts are needed. Sumatran tiger conservation is carried out by Ragunan Zoo (TMR) and IUCN through the GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) by doing collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding is done by pairing female from TMR with male from Medan Zoo to prevent inbreeding. The pairing of tigers must go through an introduction process and their interactions need to be observed. Therefore, research was conducted on pairs of sumatran tigers to analyze the social behaviors that occurs between male and female sumatran tigers that may lead to reproductive behavior. Scan sampling and ad libitum methods were used in the study for three hours per day with a total of 23 repetitions from January to March 2024. Data were collected by observing the social and reproductive behavior of male and female sumatran tigers in sleeping cages, Tiger Zone 1 of Ragunan Zoo. The results of this study were dominated by social behavior in the form of approaching behavior (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Chuffing, head rubbing and sniffing behaviors were more often performed by both sumatran tigers compared to growl and aggression behaviors. Male and female sumatran tigers also perform reproductive behaviors, such as flehmen, while mating calls and genitalia sniffing are only done by male. This study shows the existence of social behavior of sumatran tigers that lead to reproductive behavior, such as chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen and sniffing genitalia."