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"Belakang: Polimorfisme gen MMP-9 berperan dalam degradasi kolagenase tipe IV pada matriks ekstraselular yang memicu terjadinya destruksi tulang pada periodontitis. Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan distribusi polimorfisme gen MMP-9 -1562 C/T rs3918242 pada penyakit periodontitis dengan kontrol. Metode: Polimorfisme gen MMP-9 -1562 C/T di analisis menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP dengan enzim restriksi SphI. Hasil: Mayoritas frekuensi alel T ditemukan pada sampel periodontitis 11 dibandingkan dengan sampel kontrol 2. Sedangkan untuk frekuensi genotipe CT pada sampel periodontitis 22 ditemukan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampel kontrol 4. Kesimpulan: Ditemukan gambaran polimorfisme Gen MMP-9 ndash;1562 C/T pada penyakit periodontitis dan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara distribusi polimorfisme gen tersebut pada penyakit periodontitis dan individu sehat p = 0,018.

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Background: MMP 9 gene polymorphism is involved in degradation of type IV collagenases in the extracellular matrix ECM that leads to bone destruction in periodontitis.

Objectives: To compare the distribution of the MMP 9 1562 C T rs3918242 polymorphism in Indonesian males with and without periodontitis.

Methods: The MMP 9 1562 C T polymorphism was investigated by the PCR ndash RFLP method with SphI restriction enzyme digestion.

Results: The T allele in periodontitis sample 11 are higher than the healthy controls 2 . As well as the CT genotype, was found higher in periodontitis sample 22 than the healthy controls 4.

Conclusion: MMP 9 1562 C T gene polymorphism was found in this study and significantly associated with periodontitis p 0.018. "

"Latar Belakang : Ekstrak kismis telah dikenal sejak dahulu dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, karena mengandung oleanolic acid yang telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri rongga mulut.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek antimikroba infusum Kismis terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Infusum Kismis dibuat dengan proses pemanasan 100oCselama 15 menit pada 50 gr kismis dalam 500ml air (konsentyrasi 10%), kemudian diopanaskan lagi sehingga larutan tersisa 50ml (konsentrasi 100%). Untuk penelitian ini dibuat infusum 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, dan 15% sesuai dengan prosedur yang benar. Efek antimikroba masing2 infusum kismis diperiksa dengan metode dilusi sehingga diperoleh nilai KHM dan KBM serta metode difusi sehingga diperoleh nilai Zona Hambatan terhadap 6 koloni streptococcus mutans.Hasil: Efek infusum Kismis terhadap Streptococcus mutans adalah sebagai berikut : Pada koloni 1 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml ; koloni 2 : zona hambatan 1,50 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 3 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 4 : zona hambatan 0,50 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 5 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 6 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml;Kesimpulan: Secara in vitro, infusum kismis dengan konsentrasi 30% bersifat bakteriostatik, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 60% bersifat bakterisid dengan rata-rata Zona hambatan 1,0625 mm.

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Background : Seedless Raisins has been known that it can inhibit the growth of pathogen bactery, because it contains of oleanolic acid that can inhibit the growth of oral pathogen.Objectives: The aim of the study is to determine the sensitivity of Infusum Raisins on mutans streptococci.Methods: Infusum is the product of the process of steeping Raisins for extraction of its medicinal principle. The effect of infusum Raisins was examined in vitro on the inhibit the bacterial growth by determining the inhibition zone (agar diffusion method), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The microorganisms tested were composed 6 colony of Streptococcus mutans wild strain that taken from Oral Biology Laboratory of Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia, labeled as Streptococcus mutans1, Streptococcus mutans2, Streptococcus mutans3, Streptococcus mutans4,Streptococcus mutans5, Streptococcus mutans6. Data obtained was done in a descriptive method.Results: showed that Raisins?s Infusum had effect on all of mutans of Streptococcus mutans 1 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30% /ml ,MBC 60% /ml); Streptococcus mutans 2 (inhibition zone 1.50 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 3 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 4 (inhibition zone 0.50 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 5 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml), Streptococcus mutans6 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30/ml ,MBC 60%/ml).Conclusion: We concluded that Raisins's Infusum has anti microbial activity against 6 colony of Streptococcus mutans in oral cavity, in vitro. Hence it may have potential anti-cariesproperty."

"Latar Belakang : Jambu air Semarang (Syzygium samarangenase) atau jambu cincalo telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, karena mengandung senyawa Tannin dan Oleanolic acid.Tujuan: Penelitian ini untuk membuktikan daya antimikroba infusum Jambu air Semarang terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Infusum Jambu air Semarang dibuat dengan proses pemanasan 100o C selama 15 menit terhadap 50 gram jambu air semarang dalam 500 ml air, kemudian disaring untuk mendapatkan 500 ml larutan (konsentrasi 10%), dipanaskan lagi sehingga larutan tersisa 50 ml (konsentrasi 100%), untuk penelitian ini dibuat infusum 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, dan 15% sesuai prosedur yang benar. Efek antimikroba masing-masing konsentrasi infusum diperiksa dengan metode difusi serial dilusi sehingga diperoleh nilai KHM dan KBM serta metode difusi sehingga diperoleh nilai zona hambatan terhadap 6 koloni S.mutans.Hasil: Terhadap ke-6 koloni S.mutans diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: KHM : 80%/ml dan KBM tidak diketahui serta rata-rata zona hambatan 1,533 mm.Kesimpulan: Secara in vitro, Infusum Jambu air Semarang dengan konsentrasi 80% berkhasiat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans(efek bakteriostatik).

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Background : Wax apple (Syzygium samarangenase) has been known to prevent the growth of pathogen bacteria since anciety because it is contain fenol (tannin) and oleanolic acid which had been proved to prevent the growth of bacteria.Objectives: This research are for determine the antimicroba activity of Wax apple?s infusum on Streptococcus mutans.Methods: Wax apple?s infusum was made by the process of steeping seedless 50 gram Wax apple in 500 ml water, to see it?s medicinal properties after getting 100% concentration of solution. After that we made 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 15% infusum. The antimicrobial activity of wax apple?s infusum was examined by dilution method to get the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and diffusion method to get the inhibition zone to 6 colony of S.mutans. Data obtained from this research in a descriptive method.Results: Effect of Wax apple?s infusum on Streptococcus mutans are : Streptococcus mutans type 1 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 2 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 3 inhibition zone 1,4 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 4 inhibition zone 1,6 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 5 inhibition zone 1,7 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutan type 6 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown;Conclusion: We conclude that Wax apple?s Infusum has anti microbial activity against Mutans Streptococci, in vitro. Hence it may have potential anticariesproperty."

"Protein sel merupakan makromolekul yang terdiri dari satu atau beberapa polipeptida yang tersusun dari rangkaian asam amino yang saling berikatan. Terdapat perbedaan profil protein antara sel normal dengan sel kanker.Tujuan : Melihat ekspresi protein pada KSSRM dan mukosa mulut normal.Metode : Sel galur HSC-3 dan HSC-4 dikultur hingga confluent. Sel skuamosa mukosa normal diambil dari jaringan gingiva pasien odontektomi. Semua sampel dilakukan prosedur ekstraksi protein, Bradford protein assay, dan SDS PAGE.Hasil : KSSRM mengekspresikan protein dengan level cukup tinggi pada berat molekul 31-78 kDa. Namun, pada mukosa normal, kebanyakan mengekspresikan protein pada berat molekul antara 39 - 172 kDa.Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi protein pada sel galur KSSRM dibandingkan dengan mukosa mulut normal.

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Cells Proteins are macro molecules consist of one or several polypeptides which formed from amine acid chain that bound one another. There is a different of protein profile between normal and cancer cells.Objective : To observe the protein expression in OSCC and normal oral mucous.Method : Cell lines HSC-3 and HSC-4 were cultured until confluent. Normal squamous mucosa was taken from gingival tissues patient who had odontectomy procedure. Protein extraction, Bradford protein assay, and SDS PAGE procedure were performed for all samples.Results : Oral squamous cells carcinoma expressed rather high level of protein which have molecular weight of 31-78 kDa compared to normal gingival which express protein molecular weight ranging between 39 - 172 kDa.Conclusion : There are different protein expression between oral squamous cells carcinoma and normal oral mucous."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan genetik pada p53 menyebabkan imortalisasi dan kecenderungan sel bertransformasi menjadi neoplasma. Imortalisasi ini berhubungan dengan pemeliharaan panjang telomer oleh telomerase. hTERT adalah komponen kunci telomerase yang aktivitasnya ditekan oleh p53.Tujuan: Menganalisis profil protein hTERT pada sel galur KSSRM HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa mulut normal. Metode: Profil protein hTERT dianalisis menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE dan Gel Doc, Quantity One.Hasil: Protein hTERT diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM mulut tipe HSC 3 dan HSC 4 serta 2 dari 17 sampel protein jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Simpulan: Protein hTERT yang diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM berhubungan dengan kondisi mutan p53. Adanya ekspresi protein hTERT pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal diperkirakan karena adanya sel keratinosit dan infiltrasi sel hematopoietik.

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Backround: Genetic alteration on p53 allows cellular immortalization and predisposes cells to neoplastic transformation. This immortalization is related to telomere length maintenance by telomerase. hTERT is a key component of telomerase, which activity is suppressed by p53.Objectives: To analyze the hTERT protein profile in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa tissue. Methods: SDS-PAGE and Gel Doc, Quantity One were used for analyzing hTERT protein profile.Results: hTERT protein expressed in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and 2/17 protein samples of normal human oral mucosal tissues.Conclusion: hTERT protein that was expressed by OSCC cell lines is related to their status of mutant p53. The existing of hTERT protein on normal human oral mucosas tissue may be caused by keratinocyte cells and infiltrated hemapoietic cells."

"Latar Belakang: p73, homolog p53, diketahui memiliki kemampuan serupa dalam menekan pertumbuhan tumor. Protein p73 diekspresikan dalam berbagai level pada sel kanker dan jaringan normal yang berbeda. Belum diketahui bagaimana pola ekspresi protein p73 pada KSSRM dan pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Tujuan: Mengetahui profil protein p73 pada KSSRM tipe mutant p53 dan jaringan mukosa mulut normal berdasarkan berat molekul protein.Metode: Ekstrak protein dari HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa normal dianalisa dengan teknik SDS PAGE untuk mendeteksi protein p73 berdasarkanberat molekulnya.Hasil:. pita protein p73 pada HSC-3 lebih tebal daripada HSC- 4. Terdapat variasi profil protein p73 pada mukosa mulut normal dengan pita protein tebal (8/17) dan sedang (5/17).Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan profil protein p73 antara HSC-3 dan HSC-4 berkaitan dengan tingkat protein p53 dan SNP pada kodon 72. Kebanyakan sampel jaringan mukosa memperlihatkan ketebalan pita protein p73 yang cukup tinggi.

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Backround: p73, the homolog of p53, has a similar ability in tumor suppression. p73 protein expressed at a different level in various cancer cells and normal tissues. Profile of p73 protein in mutant p53 OSCC cell line and normal human oral mucosa have not been known.

Objectives: To observe p73 protein profile in mutant p53 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa.

Methods: The extracted protein of HSC-3 and HSC-4 cell lines and normal mucosal tissues were analyzed with SDS PAGE to detect p73 protein based on the molecular weight.

Results:. The band of p73 protein in HSC-3 shows a higher density compared to its density of HSC-4. A thick p73 protein band was shown on 8/17 of normal mucosal tissues while medium level of p73 protein band was shown on 5/17.

Conclusion: The protein profile between HSC-3 and HSC-4 were different related with p53 protein and SNP on codon 72 of each samples. Most of mucosal tissues shows a quite high density of p73 protein bands."

"Latar Belakang: Penentuan jenis kelamin merupakan langkah pertama dalam proses identifikasi individu. Tulang panggul dan tengkorak merupakan sumber yang paling akurat untuk menentukan jenis kelamin, namun apabila tulang panggul dan tengkorak yang ditemukan tidak utuh, mandibula dapat menjadi sumber utama dalam penentuan jenis kelamin karena mandibula merupakan tulang yang kuat, anatomisnya dipertahankan relatif lama, dan menunjukkan dimorfisme seksual yang tinggi. Salah satu parameter pada mandibula yang dapat digunakan untuk penentuan jenis kelamin adalah sudut gonion. Sudut gonion dapat digunakan untuk penentuan jenis kelamin karena kekuatan otot pengunyahan memiliki pengaruh yang kuat pada sudut gonion, dimana kekuatan otot ini berbeda pada laki laki dan perempuan.Tujuan: Menganalisis penentuan jenis kelamin menggunakan metode radiomorfometrik besar sudut gonion pada radiograf panoramik digital.Metode: Menganalisis radiomorfometrik besar sudut gonion pada 100 sampel radiograf panoramik digital yang terdiri dari 50 sampel laki laki dan 50 sampel perempuan.Hasil: Perempuan memiliki nilai rata-rata sudut gonion lebih besar daripada laki-laki yaitu sebesar 124.52o sedangkan laki-laki sebesar 123.84o, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan sudut gonion pada laki-laki dan perempuan secara statistik.Kesimpulan: Besar sudut gonion dengan metode radiomorfometrik pada laki-laki dan perempuan tidak dapat digunakan secara tunggal dalam penentuan jenis kelamin.

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Background: The first step towards identification of an individual is by sex determination. Pelvis and skull bones are the most accurate sources used for sex determination purpose, however when a whole pelvis or skull bones could not be obtained, an alternative would be necessary. The mandible would serve as a great alternative for this purpose because it is strong, its anatomy persists for a long time and it shows a strong sexual dimorphism. One of the mandible properties that can be used for sex determination purpose is its gonial angle. This is because the gonial angle is affected by the strength of the masticatory muscles, which is different for different sexes.Aim: To analyze the validity of sex determination by radiomorphometric method using gonial angle on digital panoramic radiographs.Method: By using radiomorphometric method to analyze the gonial angle of 100 digital panoramic radiographs consisting of 50 male and 50 female samples.Result: Women have an average gonial angle of 124.52o which is greater than mens average of 123.84o, however the difference is not statistically significant.Conclusion: Radiomorphometric method using gonial angle cannot be used as a sole source for sex determination."

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Latar Belakang: Identifikasi jenis kelamin memiliki peran penting dalam proses identifikasi individu. Tengkorak merupakan tulang paling dimorfik setelah pelvis, namun pada kasus hanya serpihan tengkorak yang ditemukan mandibula menjadi peran penting dalam identifikasi jenis kelamin karena mandibula adalah bagian tulang tengkorak yang paling kuat, besar dan dimorfik. Tinggi ramus mandibula dapat digunakan untuk penentuan jenis kelamin karena tahap perkembangan, tingkat pertumbuhan, dan durasi pada kedua jenis kelamin berbeda. Identifikasi jenis kelamin dengan tinggi ramus mandibula dilakukan menggunakan metode radiomorfometrik karena pengukuran pada radiograf menunjukkan hasil yang akurat serta teknik yang sederhana dan non-invasif. Tujuan:Menganalisis tinggi ramus mandibula dengan metode radiomorfometrik pada radiograf panoramik digital untuk penentuan jenis kelamin. Metode: Menganalisis radiomorfometrik tinggi ramus mandibula pada 50 sampel radiograf panoramik pria dan 50 sampel radiograf panoramik wanita. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan tinggi ramus mandibula yang menunjukkan bahwa pria memiliki nilai rata-rata lebih tinggi sebesar 59.86 mm sedangkan wanita sebesar 54.86 mm. Nilai akurasi persamaan probabilitas jenis kelamin tinggi ramus mandibula sebesar 70%. Kesimpulan: Tinggi ramus mandibula dengan metode radiomorfometrik pada pria dan wanita dapat digunakan dalam penentuan jenis kelamin. Namun penggunaan tinggi ramus mandibula harus disertai variabel morfologi lainnya karena hanya berperan sebesar 30% dalam penentuan jenis kelamin sehingga tidak cukup akurat.

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Background: Gender identification have an important role in a process of personal identification. Skull is the most dimorphic bone after pelvis, but when in cases only fragmentary bones are found mandibular have an important role in gender identification because it is the strongest, largest and most dimorphic bone of skull. Mandibular ramus height can be used for gender identification because the duration, development and growth pattern in both genders are different. Gender identification with mandibular ramus height was carried out using the radiomorphometric method because measurements on radiographs shows accurate results as well as simple and non-invasive techniques. Aim: To analyze mandibula ramus height with radiomorphometric methods on digital panoramic radiographs for gender identification. Method: By analyzing mandibular ramus height using radiomorphometric methods on 50 male panoramic radiograph samples and 50 female panoramic radiographs samples. Result: There is a difference in mandibular ramus height which indicates that men have a higher mean value of 59.86 mm while women of 54.86 mm. The accuracy value of the probability equation of the mandibula ramus height is 70%. Conclusion: Mandibular ramus height with radiomorphometric methods in men and women can be used in gender identification, but the use of mandibula ramus height must be accompanied by other morphological variables because it only accounts for 30% in gender identification so it is not accurate enough.

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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) merupakan bakteri utama penyebab karies. Virulensi S.mutans dapat digambarkan melalui profil protein. Telah banyak penelitian yang menyebutkan propolis memiliki sifat anti bakteri dan dapat menurunkan prevalensi S.mutans. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan efek antara permen propolis hisap, permen X dan permen madu terhadap profil protein S mutans yang diisolasi dari plak gigi. Metode: Sampel plak diambil sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan lalu dibiakkan pada medium agar dan medium cair TYS Broth. Profil protein dianalisis dengan metode SDS PAGE. Hasil: Permen X dan permen madu meningkatkan ekspresi protein GbpB, GbpC dan menurunkan ekspresi protein GtfB, GtfC, GtfD dan AgI/II. Permen propolis hisap dan permen madu sama-sama meningkatkan ekspresi protein GbpD. Kesimpulan: Permen X dan permen madu memiliki efek yang cukup mirip dalam mengubah profil protein S.mutans. Sementara permen propolis hisap memiliki efek berlawanan dengan permen X dan permen madu.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) is the main bacteria that caused caries. S.mutans’ virulence can be observed by protein profile. There have been lots of researches which proved that propolis has antibacterial properties and can reduce the prevalence of S.mutans. Objectives: To know the differences between the effects of propolis candy, X candy, and honey candy to the protein profile of S.mutans that isolated from dental plaque. Methods: Plaque samples were taken before and after treatment and then cultured on agar and liquid medium TYS Broth. Protein profile was analyzed using SDS PAGE method. Result: X candy and honey candy both increase the protein expression of GbpB, GbpC and decrease the protein expression of GtfB, GtfC, GtfD and AgI/II. Propolis candy and honey candy both increase the protein expression of GbpD. Conclusion: X candy and honey candy have fairly similar effects in changing the protein profile of S.mutans. While, propolis candy has the opposite effects with X candy and honey candy."

"Latar belakang: Early Childhood Caries disebabkan oleh adanya aktivitas dari bakteri kariogenik, terutama Streptococcus mutans, yang dapat menurunkan pH lingkungan mulut. Veillonella spp., bakteri koagregrat Streptococcus mutans, dapat menaikkan pH lingkungan mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kuantitas Streptococcus mutans dan Veillonella spp. saliva pada anak kategori risiko karies rendah dan tinggi. Metode: DNA Streptococcus mutans. dan Veillonella spp. dari ekstraksi saliva subjek dikuantifikasi menggunakan qPCR. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah bakteri pada anak dengan kategori karies rendah dan tinggi. Kesimpulan: Jumlah Streptococcus mutans maupun Veillonella spp. pada saliva anak dengan kategori risiko karies tinggi lebih banyak daripada risiko karies rendah.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries is caused by cariogenic bacteria's activity mainly Streptococcus mutans which decrease the oral environment's pH. Otherwise Veillonella spp coaggregration of Streptococcus mutans can raise the oral environment's pH.

Aim: To examine the quantity comparison of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp in children's saliva with high risk and low risk caries.

Methods Quantification of DNA Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp extracted from subject's saliva using qPCR.

Results: There were significant differences between the number of bacteria in children with high risk and low risk caries.

Conclusion: There is a higherquantity of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp in children's saliva with high risk caries than low risk caries."