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"ABSTRAKDebu filter yang dihasilkan pada proses pembuatan baja melalui tanur busur listrik, saat ini pada negara-negara maju dikategorikan sebagai limbah yang berbahaya. Salah satu teknologi yang menawarkan pengolahan debu filter ini adalah proses HTM (High Turbulence Mixer). Pada proses ini debu filter -tanpa proses aglomerisasi- dimasukkan ke dalam besi/baja cair yang terdapat pada reactor. Beberapa oksida seperti ZnO, PbO dan FeO akan tereduksi sementara CaO, SiO2, MnO, P205 dan AI203 akan masuk ke terak yang tidak berbahaya Untuk mengoptimalkan parameter penting pada proses pengolahan debu filter di reaktor HTM, dilakukan perhitungan termodinamik dengan bantuan program komputer ChemSage. Melalui model simulasi ini, ingin diketahui parameter-parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap proses-proses metalurgi pengolahan debu filter, antara lain kandungan karbon dan temperatur pada besi/baja cair, basasitas terak serta besarnya tekanan pada permukaan besi/baja cair.Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa untuk mereduksi keseluruhan oksida-oksida seperti ZnO, PbO, dan FeO yang ada pada debu filter, dibutuhkan paling sedikit kadar karbon awal pada besi.baja cair sebesar 4%. Besarnya temperatur besi/baja cair yang optimal untuk pengolahan debu filter adalah 1500°C. Meski peningkatan temperatur menguntungkan proses penguapan Zn dari besi/baja cair, namun hal ini sebaiknya dihindarkan karena akan berpengaruh negatif terhadap refraktori reaktor HTM. Pengaruh basasitas terak antara 0,3 sampai 2,7 terhadap derajat penguapan Zn tidak terlampau berarti jika dibandingkan dengan pengaruh kadar karbon pada besi/baja cair yang terdapat dalam reaktor HTM."

"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 Ω/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play an important role invarious technology, including dye sensitized solar cells. One of the mostcommonly used glass is indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, which is expensive.Therefore, the mainpurpose of this research was to determine if ITO glass can be replaced withfluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass,which is easier and more economic to manufacture. For this purpose, a tinchloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O)precursor was doped with ammoniumfluoride (NH4F) using asol-gel method and spray pyrolysis technique toinvestigate the fabrication process for conductiveglass. NH4F wasdoped at a ratio of 2 wt% in the SnCl2.2H2O precursor atvarying deposition times (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and substrate temperatures(250, 300, and 350°C). Theresults revealed that longer deposition times created thicker glass layers withreduced electrical resistivity. The highest opticaltransmittance was 75.5% and the lowest resistivitywas 3.32´10-5 Ω.cm,obtained from FTO glasssubjected to a 20-minute deposition time at deposition temperature of 300oC."